Abstract: Described herein are devices and methods for flash freezing samples while applying an in situ electrical current or bias. Advantageously, the present application is directed towards materials, such as batteries or electrochemical cells, where applying an electrical current or bias leads to dynamic changes to the structure and chemistry of constituent materials, which underpin device performance and degradation. By concurrently applying electrical current or bias and flash freezing the sample, transient structures in the anode, cathode, or electrolyte can be observed with a high degree of temporal resolution at an atomic scale.

Abstract: Systems and methods that facilitate X-ray imaging of lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries during mechanical, thermal, and/or electrical abuse are disclosed. In addition to facilitating X-ray imaging, the system also facilitates the simultaneous collection of thermal, electrical, force, and displacement data during the abuse-testing of Li-ion batteries. Materials that are within the field of view of X-ray imaging are highly transparent to X-rays. The system also contains a mechanical indentation apparatus that facilitates high force indentation, compression, or penetration tests of batteries to induce mechanical failure or thermal runaway within the Li-ion battery.

Abstract: Described herein are devices and methods for flash freezing samples while applying an in situ electrical current or bias. Advantageously, the present application is directed towards materials, such as batteries or electrochemical cells, where applying an electrical current or bias leads to dynamic changes to the structure and chemistry of constituent materials, which underpin device performance and degradation. By concurrently applying electrical current or bias and flash freezing the sample, transient structures in the anode, cathode, or electrolyte can be observed with a high degree of temporal resolution at an atomic scale.