Abstract: A computer-implemented method for obtaining content of a document is provided. The method includes: receiving data in an unknown format obtained by an OCR application from the document, the data comprising a plurality of visual elements; for each of the plurality of visual elements, obtaining a position in the document; determining, from the plurality of visual elements, one or more graphic elements and one or more textual elements; determining a particular graphic element from the one or more graphic elements based on the position of the particular graphic element; determining, from the one or more textual elements, a key that is associated with the particular graphic element; determining, from the one or more textual elements, one or more attributes that are associated with the particular graphic element; generating an association between the key and each of the one or more attributes; and providing a structured representation of the association.

Abstract: A method of making a multi-layered composite material having a layer of a first metal and a layer of a second incompatible metal, separate from the first metal, the method involving hot rolling a multi-layered assembly of the first metal; the second metal; and a composite interlayer between the first metal and the second metal; wherein the composite interlayer having a first outer layer of a first composite metal compatible with the first metal; a second outer layer of a second composite metal compatible with the second metal; and an interlayer metal bonded between the first composite metal and the second composite metal; and wherein the first metal is adjacent the first composite metal and the second metal is adjacent the second composite metal; to effect production of the multi-layered composite material. The invention is valuable for producing a bonded composite of a hardened steel, such as an armour steel, with GA14V titanium.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of an explosively-bonded composite structure comprising a substrate, a metallic cladder and an intervening interlayer between the substrate and the cladder; the cladder and the interlayer having a waveless interface therebetween, the process comprising (A) forming a non-bonded composite structure comprising in combination, (a) a substrate having a first side; (b) an interlayer of a material compatible with the substrate, and having (i) a thickness T1; (ii) a mass M1; (iii) a first side adjacent to the substrate at a distance D1, therefrom; and (iv) a second side; (c) a cladder having (i) a thickness TC; (ii) a mass MC; (iii) a first side adjacent to the second side of the interlayer at a distance D2 therefrom; and (iv) a second side; and (d) an explosive mixture adjacent the second side of the cladder; and wherein D1 is equal to or less than 2T1; D2 is equal to or less than TC; and MC is equal to or greater than M1; and (B) detonating said explosive mixture.

Abstract: An improved method of explosively bonding a first metal to a second metal with an explosive composition comprising a base explosive in admixture with an inert particulate material, the improvement wherein the diluent comprises an inert material having a mean particle size selected from 0.05 mm to 0.1 mm, a hardness value of not less than 4 mohs, and a plurality of faces and edges. The explosive composition allows for a sustainable detonation value of less than 1800 m/s, preferably less than 1200 m/s to reduce or prevent the formation of interface waves.

Abstract: A method whereby a composite clad metal ingot can be produced for onward processing at higher temperatures which are sufficient to allow the properties of the substrate material to be adequately controlled to meet specific requirements. These higher temperatures are required to avoid the undue levels of work hardening which occurs at the lower temperatures previously employed because of the need to avoid the formation of deleterious intermetallics at the bonded clad substrate interface. Such intermetallics are formed at temperatures above approximately 850° C. and should they be present, will weaken or destroy the bond. The ingot, consisting of a steel or stainless steel substrate which is clad with a corrosion resistant metal, preferably of titanium, zirconium or their alloys, and containing an interlayer of high melting point metal of tantalum, niobium (columbium) or their alloys, is processed at temperatures above 900° C.

Abstract: A method whereby a composite clad metal ingot can be produced for onward processing at higher temperatures which are sufficient to allow the properties of the substrate material to be adequately controlled to meet specific requirements. These higher temperatures are required to avoid the undue levels of work hardening which occurs at the lower temperatures previously employed because of the need to avoid the formation of deleterious intermetallics at the bonded clad substrate interface. Such intermetallics are formed at temperatures above approximately 850° C. and should they be present, will weaken or destroy the bond.

Abstract: A method whereby a composite clad metal ingot can be produced for onward processing at higher temperatures which are sufficient to allow the properties of the substrate material to be adequately controlled to meet specified requirements. These higher temperatures are required to avoid the undue levels of work hardening which occurs at the lower temperatures previously employed because of the need to avoid the formation of deleterious intermetallics at the bonded clad substrate interface. Such intermetallics are formed at temperatures above approximately 900° C. and should they be present, will weaken or destroy the bond.

Abstract: Clad metal plate comprising a layer of cladding metal bonded to a first substrate metal layer is produced by a method comprising initially metallurgically bonding a thin layer of substrate to a thick layer of cladding metal and bonding further layers of substrate metal to the first substrate layer in at least two roll bonding steps wherein the cladding layer is reduced to the desired thickness. The initial metallurgical bonding step may advantageously be a bonding method such as explosive bonding which is free from metal compatibility restrictions encountered in roll-bonding. The method enables a base metal such as carbon steel to be clad economically with a metal, for example titanium, with which it is incompatible for roll-bonding.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of manufacturing bi-metallic tubing by the successive steps of explosive bonding, hot extrusion and co-extrusion. Bi-metallic tubing, having an inner wall made from a corrosion resistant material, is of particular use in the oil and gas industries. The invention offers a number of advantages over previously known manufacturing methods, such as increased cladding capacity, reduction in the number of joints required, and an improvement in dimensional accuracy. These are achieved by explosively bonding a tube 3 of a first metal to a substantially incompressible billet 1 of a second metal. A length of the bonded composite 15 so formed is subsequently hot extruded to form a bi-metal shell 25. A length of the shell 25 is then placed within the bore of a hollow billet 33, the interface 35 formed between the shell 25 and billet 25 sealed, and the assembled composite 39 so formed co-extruded to form a bi-metal tube 41.

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for producing bi-metallic tubing wherein a layer (3,31) of a first metal is metallurgically bonded to the exterior surface of a core component (1,29) of a second metal incompatible for solid state bonding with the first metal by processes other than explosive bonding, the resulting cylindrical bonded composite (15,25) is placed within the bore of a thick-walled tube (33) of a metal compatible for solid state bonding with the first metal and the assembly (39) is heated and expanded by passing it over a profiled mandrel (43). In passing over the mandrel sufficient pressure is developed at the interface between the bonded composite and the thick-walled tube to form a metallurgical bond at the interface. When the first metal is the same as the metal of the thick-walled tube the interface is eliminated and a bi-metallic tube consisting of a single outer layer of the first metal with a bonded lining of the second metal is produced.

Abstract: It is known to form a composite laminar metal structure, wherein two or more overlapping metal plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) are metallurgically bonded at their interfaces, impelling the plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) together by means of detonating an explosive charge (19), bonding of the plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) at selected areas (13) being prevented by covering the plates (11, 12, 21, 22, 23, 31, 32) at the selected ares (13) with a stopping-off material. The present invention improves this by providing metal sheet (14, 24, 34) which is placed in intimate contact with the stopping-off material, the metal sheet (14, 24, 34) being capable of metallurgically bonding to an adjacent metal plate (12, 21, 23, 32) at each selected area (13).

Abstract: The process is described for bonding together of metal components wherein the components are explosively bonded together and the resulting composite is treated at elevated temperature. In the process the bond strength over weaker bonded areas is enhanced and the bond strength is rendered more uniform over the total bonded area. The process is especially advantageous for bonding high strength aluminum alloys such as aluminum/lithium alloys, and is particularly useful in the fabrication of composites bonded at selected areas for subsequent expansion to form hollow structures for use in aircraft components.

Abstract: A method of explosively bonding metal plates into a multi-laminar composite plate wherein the metal plates are assembled over a restraining means, e.g. an anvil, in overlapping spaced-apart relationship, a driver plate having a mass of at least the total mass of the plates to be bonded is disposed over the top plate of the assembly at a stand-off distance of at least half its thickness, a buffer layer of granular inert material is disposed between the driver plate and the top plate, and an explosive layer is placed on the driver plate and detonated in the direction parallel to the driver plate. The number of plates which can be bonded in a single operation can be increased by placing an explosive layer driver plate and a layer of granular inert material symmetrically on each side of an assembly of metal plates and detonating each explosive charge simultaneously. The method produces multi-laminar composite plates having improved uniformity of bond quality at the interfaces.

Abstract: In a method of explosively expanding a tubular metal component into engagement with a surrounding metal component, an explosive charge is disposed axially and fired in an insert having a hollow cylindrical container fitting closely within the portion of the tubular metal component to be expanded and having charge holding device, for example an axial pocket, to accommodate the explosive charge, the container being filled with a shock wave-transmitting liquid. Compared with solid inserts, the novel hollow insert is cheaper and requires a smaller explosive charge for a given operation. The method is especially advantageous for expanding large diameter tubes.

Abstract: A metal tube is expanded by means of an explosive charge into engagement with a surrounding tubular metal member which is supported externally by a surrounding metal die member spaced from the metal member, the intervening space being filled with a shock transmitting liquid such as water. The metal die member is readily separated from the expanded tube and is reusable indefinitely without maintenance. Its use is therefore more economical than the split die hitherto used. The method is especially useful for expanding large diameter tubes, for example expanding oil-well drill pipes into pipe coupling members.

Abstract: An improved method is described for metallurgically bonding a composite metal plate (from which structural transition joints may be cut) wherein an outer layer and a metal interlayer of a different composition are propelled towards a metal base layer by means of the detonation of a layer of explosive disposed adjacent to the outer surface of the outer layer. The interlayer is only 0.25 to 4 mm thick and it is initially disposed at a stand-off distance from the base layer not exceeding 6 mm or 8 times the interlayer thickness. The outer layer has a mass of at least twice the mass of the interlayer and it is initially separated from the interlayer by a stand-off distance which is 0.5 to 10 times the thickness of the outer layer and is at least 3 times the distance between the base layer and the interlayer.

Abstract: A strong transition joint between an aluminum plate and a steel object includes an aluminum sleeve adapted to be fusion-welded to the aluminum plate and a titanium core explosion-welded to the aluminum sleeve in the center thereof with the titanium core having an internally threaded hole adapted to receive a steel bolt so that the occurance and economic consequences of corrosion are minimized.

Abstract: A method of forming a composite tube having an inner thin liner or layer of expensive material surrounded by a thick layer of less expensive material has been provided. A thin-walled tube of the expensive material is placed inside a thin-walled tube of a less expensive material and the outer tube is imploded by explosives to be metallurgically bonded to the inner tube. The composite billet thus formed is then placed within a third tube of any desired wall thickness which is of the same or similar material as the second tube. This composite is then co-extruded causing the like materials of the outer most tubes to be metallurgically bonded to each other. By this method, the relative ratios of the expensive and common materials can be selected as required by the particular use to be made of the billet and the diameters thereof can similarly be optimumly selected.

Abstract: A tubejoint for a heat exchanger made of two dissimilar materials is provided wherein the tubeplate joint is manufactured by use of an explosive having a detonation velocity more than 120 percent of the sonic velocity of the tube materials to be welded. Very satisfactory welds are formed at subsonic velocity between the surfaces of concentric tubes made of dissimilar metal and along the surface of a counterbore formed in the hole in which the composite tube is placed. The joint thus formed prevents any corrosive fluid on the tube side of the joint from coming in contact with any non-compatible material on the shell side of the heat exchanger and also prevents any corrosive fluid on the shell side of the heat exchanger from coming in contact with incompatible material on the tube side of the heat exchanger.

Abstract: A method of repairing a joint between a tube and a tube plate comprising removing an end portion of the tube and replacing it with a connector explosively welded to the tube and the plate.