Abstract: An automatic gain control circuit and method ensure feedback for oscillator circuitry fabricated on a single semiconductor chip to adapt to the Q value established by a resonator circuit connected to the oscillator circuitry, and to ensure that gain is maximized and linearity of operation preserved within the voltage rails of the power supply.

Abstract: Disclosed is an integrated system for continuously melting and refining secondary and blister copper to produce and continuously cast anode grade copper comprising: continuous melting of secondary and blister copper in an optional fuel vertical shaft furnace; continuously or semicontinuously skimming initial slag from the surface of the melted copper in a slag vessel as it drains from the shaft furnace; collecting a reservoir of molten copper in a holding furnace capable of controlling its temperature and subsequent flow; adding fluxes to the molten copper; directing the molten copper into an oxidation vessel where the molten copper and impurities are oxidized; transferring the oxidized and fluxed molten copper to a second slag vessel where slag is skimmed from its surface; flowing the oxygen rich molten copper into a reduction vessel where oxygen content is reduced; collecting a supply of refined molten copper in a final holding vessel; continuously passing the refined molten copper through a filtering ladle

Abstract: An improved cooling method and apparatus for a continuous casting process of the type wherein the mold is a rotatable casting wheel having a peripheral groove with a portion enclosed by an endless band. The improved cooling of the hot cast metal bar is accomplished by injecting a cooling fluid, under pressure, into the shrinkage gap between the hot continuously cast bar and the band portion of the mold after the bar is partially solidified but before it is removed from the wheel portion of the mold.