Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel integrated process to extract and purify levulinic acid (LA) produced from the technical lignin waste (2-G residue) generated after second generation (2-G) ethanol production from biomass. In this process, liquid-liquid extraction was carried out using fusel oil as an organic extractant to yield a LA rich organic phase and an acidic aqueous phase (raffinate). In addition, selected amines improved the LA yields by acting synergistically. Further fractional distillation was carried out to purify LA. The acidic raffinate is recycled back to the reaction in multiple times, which reduce the use of additional catalyst and make the overall process cost effective. The process is very simple and suitable to remove any colour and humins (soluble tar), which would otherwise form a problem in subsequent process step, particularly in distillation. At optimized process conditions 95% LA is recovered with 98% purity.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to a process for producing levulinic acid from the technical lignin. The technical lignin is rich in lignin and ash and do not have any other use and usually incinerated as a waste management strategy. During the incineration process, the cellulose also gets burnt and wasted.

Abstract: An integrated approach for utilizing waste products of 2G bio-refineries to fractionate the lignin of high purity. The present invention also provides a method of recycling of two waste products (2-G ethanol residue as the substrate (LRBR) and fusel oil/synthetic fusel oil (SFO) as one of the solvent) of the biorefineries in a beneficial manner to fractionate the lignin of high purity. The present method of separating high purity lignin comprises fractioning extractive-free lignin rich residue with a solvent, wherein the solvent is a mixture of SFO/Fusel oil and Formic acid. An optimized ratio of waste fusel oil and formic acid gave more than >85% yields of high purity lignin.

Abstract: An integrated approach for utilizing waste products of 2G bio-refineries to fractionate the lignin of high purity. The present invention also provides a method of recycling of two waste products (2-G ethanol residue as the substrate (LRBR) and fusel oil/synthetic fusel oil (SFO) as one of the solvent) of the biorefineries in a beneficial manner to fractionate the lignin of high purity. The present method of separating high purity lignin comprises fractioning extractive-free lignin rich residue with a solvent, wherein the solvent is a mixture of SFO/Fusel oil and Formic acid. An optimized ratio of waste fusel oil and formic acid gave more than >85% yields of high purity lignin.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a formulation to stabilize lignocellulolytic enzyme mixture. This invention in particular relates to a formulation composed of lignocellulolytic enzyme with critical dosages of molasses either with petrochemical waste or glycerol as an additive to improve enzyme stability in a synergistic manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an additive or additive composition for improved production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass during enzymatic hydrolysis. More particularly, the present invention discloses petrochemical waste as an additive or an additive composition containing one or more ethylene glycol oligomers and one or more metal ions which are useful for improved production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass during enzymatic hydrolysis.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a formulation to stabilize lignocellulolytic enzyme mixture. This invention in particular relates to a formulation composed of lignocellulolytic enzyme with critical dosages of molasses either with petrochemical waste or glycerol as an additive to improve enzyme stability in a synergistic manner.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an additive or additive composition for improved production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass during enzymatic hydrolysis. More particularly, the present invention discloses petrochemical waste as an additive or an additive composition containing one or more ethylene glycol oligomers and one or more metal ions which are useful for improved production of fermentable sugars from lignocellulosic biomass during enzymatic hydrolysis.

Abstract: A unit test and automation framework (UTAF) system and method are disclosed for unit testing. A unit definition file that includes properties of the unit being tested may be compiled to generate a skeleton code that describes a structure of the unit and the interactions of the unit with other units. One or more interactions may be overridden to generate a unit production code for the unit. A unit testing (UT) engine may enable interactions between the unit and the other units to run test cases on the unit production code as part of unit testing. Various components of the UTAF system may provide commands to or perform functions for the UT engine to perform the unit testing, such as providing test commands, displaying statistics, providing interface messaging between the unit and the plurality of other units, provide commands for record and replay testing, and other information.