Abstract: Polysaccharides built up from anhydroglucose are obtained when glucose or carbohydrates containing glucose as the monomer structural unit are condensed with polyhydric alcohols in hydrogen fluoride. The products may be used as water binding agents and water retaining agents, especially for dietetic foodstuffs.

Abstract: The semi-continuous process according to the invention for hydrolyzing cellulose-containing material (substrate) with gaseous hydrogen fluoride comprises sorption and subsequent desorption of HF in a total of n steps. The substrate is divided into n batches in n reactors (1a, 1b, 1c, . . . ); each batch passes through the n process steps in one reactor (1a, . . . ). Initially, sorption is carried out in the first to the (n/2)th step by the action of HF-inert gas mixtures, having an HF concentration which increases from sorption step to sorption step, at a temperature above the boiling point of HF. Subsequently, desorption is brought about in the ((n/2)+1)th to nth step by treating with heated HF-inert gas mixtures having an HF concentration which decreases from desorption step to desorption step; n is an even number from 4 to 12 and the n steps each take place in the same time segments (periods). The sequence of steps is displaced by one period from each batch to the next batch.

Abstract: Coumarin compounds of the general formula (1) ##STR1## in which A denotes an oxygen atom or a grouping >N--R in which R represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl radical of 1 to 18 carbon atoms which may be substituted by fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms or by alkoxy.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4, dialkyl.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4 -amino, --SO.sub.2 --N(alkyl.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4).sub.2 or cyano groups or a cycloaliphatic, aromatic or heterocyclic radical which may be substituted by fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms or by alkyl.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4, alkoxy.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4, hydroxyl, cyano, sulfonamide or --SO.sub.2 --N--(alkyl.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4).sub.2 groups, X denotes an oxygen atom or a grouping .gtoreq.N--R' in which R' represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.18 carbonyl, alkoxy.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4 carbonyl, alkyl.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.4 carbamoyl or alkyl.sub.C.sbsb.1.sub.-C.sbsb.

Abstract: A continuous process for hydrolyzing cellulose-containing material (substrate) with gaseous hydrogen fluoride, HF is sorbed by the substrate at a temperature above its boiling point in n sorption steps and thereafter the sorbed HF is removed from the substrate by heating in n desorption steps. The number n of sorption steps and of desorption steps is identical and the reaction steps mentioned each occur in reactors which are separated from one another in a gas-tight manner. After introduction into the first sorption reactor (1a), the substrate passes consecutively through gas-tight valves into the second (1a) . . . nth sorption reactor and from the latter, optionally via a hold-up reactor (2) into the first, second, . . . nth desorption reactor (3a) and is removed from the nth desorption reactor (3a). The streams of HF gas, which contain an inert carrier gas in addition to HF, are circulated between the first (1a) or second (1b) or . . . (n-1)th or nth sorption reactor and the nth (3a) or (n-1)th (3b) . . .

Abstract: The continuous process for hydrolyzing cellulose-containing material (substrate) is carried out by sorption of gaseous HF in a sorption reaction (1) and subsequent desorption in n steps, which are carried out in n reactors which are separated from one another in a gas-tight manner. The substrate is introduced via a gas-tight valve into the sorption reactor (1), passes through this and then reaches consecutively, through gas-tight valves, a hold-up reactor (2) and the first (3c), second (3b), . . . nth desporption reactor, from which it is then removed. The desorption is carried out in each case by the action of one of the n inert gas streams on the substrate at different temperatures, the particular inert gas stream being enriched with the HF being liberated during desorption.

Abstract: Mixtures of optical brighteners consisting of from (a) 0.98 to 0.50 part by weight of a mixture consisting of from 0.05 to 0.95 part by weight of a brightener of the series of the benzoxazolyl-stilbenes and of from 0.95 to 0.05 part by weight of a brightener of the series of the aryltriazoles and (b) of from 0.02 to 0.5 part by weight of a brightener of the series of the bis-benzoxazolyl-stilbenes or of the bis-benzothiazolyl-stilbenes.

Abstract: Mixtures of optical brighteners consisting of 5 to 95% by weight of a compound of the formula ##STR1## in which A denotes a o- or p-cyanophenyl group, and 95 to 5% by weight of one or more further optical brighteners.

Abstract: Pyridine is prepared by ammoxidation (=reaction with oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas and ammonia, if appropriate in the presence of steam) of cyclopentadiene in the presence of a tellurium-free silica gel catalyst, .gamma.-Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 catalyst and/or aluminum silicate catalyst, which is preferably also doped with transition metal oxides and/or the oxides of gallium and/or indium and, if appropriate, also contains trivial quantities of further customary additives. The surface area of the catalyst should be between about 75 and 800 m.sup.2 /g and the pore volume between about 0.2 and 2 cm.sup.3 /g, and the reaction temperature should be between about 200.degree. and 400.degree. C.The pyridine formed in the process is free from picolines and higher homologs.

Abstract: Mixtures of optical brighteners consisting of 5 to 95 parts by weight of a mixture consisting of 0 to 80% by weight of the compound of the formula 1 ##STR1## 20 to 100% by weight of the compound of the formula 2 ##STR2## and 0 to 80% by weight of the compound of the formula 3 ##STR3## and 95 to 5% by weight of one or more other optical brighteners.

Abstract: Triazolyl stilbene compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein A is a benzene or naphthalene ring optionally substituted by non-chromophoric substituents and B is a substituted 1,2,4-oxdiazole (3) or 1,3,5-oxdiazole (2) group, as well as a procedure for their manufacture and their use as optical brighteners.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is O or S, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 each are hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, phenyl, alkyl, alkoxy, dialkylamino, trialkylammonium, acylamino or optionally functionally modified carboxy or sulfo groups, two adjacent radicals R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 optionally forming together a phenylene, a lower alkylene or a 1,3-dioxapropylene group; and A is a group of the formulae ##STR2## in which R.sub.3 is an alpha-, beta- or gamma-pyridyl, pyridyl-methylene, thiophenyl, furanyl, benzofuranyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyridazinyl group. These compounds, which are suitable as optical brighteners, are prepared by reaction of a compound of the formula ##STR3## with a compound of the formulaR.sub.3 --Zwherein Y is a ##STR4## group and Z is --COCl or vice versa.

Abstract: Process for the manufacture of bis-benzoxazolyl-stilbene compounds which comprises the chlorination in an inert organic solvent of benzoxazolyl-stilbene carboxylic acid, addition of a solution of an aminophenol in an aprotic, dipolar solvent to the acid chloride thus obtained and subsequent cyclization in the presence of an acid catalyst of the acyl compound obtained.

Abstract: Mixture of optical brighteners consisting of from 0.5 to 0.95 part by weight of a brightener of the series of the benzoxazolyl-stilbenes and of from 0.95 to 0.05 part by weight of a brightener of the series of the aryltriazoles.

Abstract: Diamino-1,3-5-triazinylstilbene compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 may be identical or different and represent each hydrogen or non chromophoric radicals selected from the group consisting of fluorine or chlorine atoms, phenyl, alkyl, lower alkoxy, lower dialkylamino, lower trialkylammonium, acyl amino or optionally functionally modified carboxy or sulfo groups, or two vicinal radicals, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 denote together lower alkylene, a fused benzo ring or 1,3-dioxypropylene, the rings A and B having optionally further non chromophoric substituents, and X is O or S.These compounds are good optical brighteners and are prepared by reacting a 4'-cyano-4-benzoxazolyl- or 4'-cyano-4-benzthiazolylstilbene compound with dicyanoamide or with urea and ammonia.

Abstract: Benzimidazo-[1,2-a]-quinolines of the formula ##STR1## In the solid and dissolved state, the compounds of the invention are strongly fluorescing from reddish-blue to red, depending on the substitution. The compounds can be used as optical brighteners and as fluorescent dyestuffs. Furthermore they are valuable intermediates for the preparation of optical brighteners and fluorescing dyestuffs. They are distinguished by a very good fastness to light.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula I ##STR1## in which X is O or S, R.sub.1 and R.sub.2, being identical or different, are radicals selected from the group of hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine atoms, phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.9 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -dialkyl-amino, acylamino radicals, or optionally functionally modified carboxy or sulfo groups, two adjacent radicals R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 together optionally representing a benzo ring, a lower alkylene or a 1,3-dioxapropylene group, and A is a group of the formulae ##STR2## in which R.sub.3 and R.sub.4, independently from each other, are hydrogen, fluorine or chlorine atoms or C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl groups.

Abstract: A mixture of optical brighteners containing 0.05 to 0.95 part by weight of a compound from the benzoxazolyl- or benzothiazolylstilbene series and 0.95 to 0.05 part by weight of a compound of the bis-benzoxazolyl- or bis-benzothiazolylstilbene series or of the benzoxazolyl- or benzothiazolyl-stilbene oxazolo[5,4-6]pyridinyl or oxazolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl series. These mixtures show an enhanced degree of whiteness as compared to the same amount of the single components.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula ##STR1## wherein X is O or S, A is a group of the formula ##STR2## and R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are non-chromophorous substituents. They are prepared by reacting a 4'-benzoxa(thia)zolyl-2-stilbene-4-carbonic acid chloride with an amidoxim containing the group R.sub.3 or by reacting a 4'-benzoxa(thia)zolyl-2-stilbene-4-amidoxime with an acid chloride containing the group R.sub.3.These compounds are used as optical brighteners.

Abstract: Mixtures of optical brighteners containing 0.05 to 1% of a 4-benzoxazolystilbene derivative and 1 to 0.05% of a 1,4-bis-benzoxazolyl- or bis-benzthiazolyl-naphthalene derivative. These mixtures show a higher degree of whiteness than an equal amount of only one of the two components.

Abstract: Compounds of the formula (I) ##STR1## in which R is hydrogen, triphenyl-methyl or lower alkyl, which may be substituted by lower carbalkoxy, carbonamido, mono- or dialkyl carbonamido, carboxy or benzoyl, Z is cyano, carbalkoxy, carbonamido or imidazolyl, X is hydrogen, chlorine, methyl, methoxy, cyano or lower carbalkoxy, n is 1 to 3, and A is an aromatic carbocyclic group or an aromatic heterocyclic 5- or 6-membered group as well as their N-alkylated quaternary reaction products. These compounds are useful as optical brighteners and lacquers, natural or synthetic fibers and films, foils or other shaped forms made therefrom.