Abstract: Cyclohexane derivatives of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --R.sup.2 IwhereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each H or an alkyl group which has 1-10 C atoms and in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by 0 atoms and/or --CO-groups, and/or --CO--O-- groups and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- groups, or are F, Cl, Br, CN or R.sup.3 --A.sup.3 --Z.sup.2 --,A.sup.1 is --A--, A.sup.4 --Z.sup.o --A-- or --A--Z.sup.o --A.sup.4 --,A is a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-cyclohexenylene group which is unsubstituted or is monosubstituted or polysubstituted in the 2-, 3-, 5- and/or 6-position by F and/or Cl and/or Br and/or CN and/or an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group each of which has 1-10 C atoms and in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by 0 atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups, which trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or 1,4-cyclohexenylene group can optionally also be substituted in the 1-position and/or 4-position and one or two CH.sub.

Abstract: Heterocyclic compounds of the formula IR.sup.1 -A.sup.1 -Z.sup.1 -A.sup.2 -[Z.sup.2 -A.sup.3 ].sub.n -R.sup.2Iwherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, A.sup.1, A.sup.2, A.sup.3, Z.sup.1, Z.sup.2 and n are defined in claim 1, can be used as components of liquid-crystalline phases.

Abstract: Radiation-curable two-layer systems containing immobilized photoinitiators are suitable for the production of coatings of constant thickness and good adhesion, and relief structures of high resolution and edge steepness.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of compounds of the formula IR.sup.1 --Q.sup.1 --A--(A.sup.2).sub.q --R.sup.2 Iwherein ##STR1## and R.sup.1, R.sup.2, Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2 and q have the meaning specified in claim 1, as components of smectic liquid-crystalline phases, and also smectic liquid-crystalline phases, in particular chiral tilted smectic phases containing compounds of formula I.

Abstract: Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 [Z.sup.2 --A.sup.3 ].sub.n --R.sup.2whereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 in each case independently of one another are an alkyl group with 1-15 C atoms, it also being possible for one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups to be replaced by 0 atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --O--CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups, and one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is also H, F, Cl, Br or CN,is a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, it also being possible for one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups to be replaced by 0 atoms, a 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)-octylene group or a 1,3-dithiane-2,5-diyl group,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 in each case independently of one another are --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O-- or a single bond,A.sup.2 and A.sup.3 in each case independently of one another are a 1,4-phenylene group, pyrimidine-2,5-diyl group, 1,4-cyclohexylene group, it also being possible for one or two non-adjacent CH.

Abstract: The invention relates to the use of trifluorotoluene derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which R.sup.1 is alkyl having 1 to 12 carbon atoms in which, in addition, one or more non-neighboring CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by --O--, --CO--, --O--CO--, --CO--O--, --O--CO--O--, --CH-halogen, --CH--CN-and/or --CH=CH--,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2, in each case independently of one another, are 1,4-phenylene in which, in addition, one or more CH groups may be replaced by N, trans-1,4-cyclohexylene in which, in addition, one or two non-neighboring CH.sub.2 groups may be replaced by --O--and/or --S--, or 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)octylene, each of which is unsubstituted or monosubstituted or poly-substituted by halogen, nitrile and/or CH.sub.3,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2, in each case independently of one another, are --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 O--, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 -- or a single bond, andn is 0 or 1,as components of chiral tilted smectic phases.

Abstract: Cyclohexane derivatives of formula I ##STR1## wherein R is an alkyl group which has 1-12 C atoms and in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O, --CO--O-- or --OCO--,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each independently of one another are trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or unsubstituted or fluorine-substituted 1,4-phenylene, and one of the groups A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 can also be a single bond,X is --CN, halogen, OH, --COOR.sup.1, --OOCR.sup.1, --COR.sup.1, --OR.sup.1 or R.sup.1 andR.sup.1 is an alkyl group which has 1-12 C atoms and in which one or two CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O, but excluding direct links between two O atoms,with the proviso that, in the case of X=CN, A.sup.2 is trans-1,4-cyclohexylene or fluorine-substituted, 1,4-phenylene, are suitable as components of liquid-crystalline phases.

Abstract: New bicyclohexyls of the formula IR.sup.1 --Cy--Cy--R.sup.2wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each alkyl which has 1-10 C atoms and in which one or two CH.sub.2 group(s) can be replaced by 0 atoms, and Cy is 1,4-cyclohexylene,are suitable for use as the coponents of liquid-crystal dielectrics.

Abstract: Cyclohexane derivatives of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --R.sup.2 Iin whichR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each an alkyl group having 1-10 C atoms, in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups and/or --CH.dbd.CH-- groups, one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 also being H, F, Cl, Br, CN or R.sup.3 --A.sup.3 --Z.sup.2 --,A.sup.1 is --A--, A.sup.4 --A-- or --A--A.sup.4 --,A is a trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group which can be substituted in the 2-, 3-, 5- and/or 6-position one or more times by F and/or Cl and/or Br and/or CN and/or an alkyl group or a fluorinated alkyl group which each have 1-10 C atoms and in which one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by 0 atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups, and which may also be substituted in the 1- and/or 4-position,A.sup.2, A.sup.3 and A.sup.

Abstract: Compounds of the formulaR.sup.1 --Q.sup.1 --(CH.sub.2).sub.m --(COO).sub.n --(CH.sub.2).sub.p --Q.sup.2 --R.sup.2whereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each independently alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-12 C atoms, F, Cl, Br, CN or --Q.sup.3 --R.sup.3, or one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can also be H;Q.sup.1, Q.sup.2 and Q.sup.3 are each independently 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)-octylene or 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by 1-4 fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms;R.sup.3 is alkyl or alkoxy each of 1-8 C atoms, H, F, Cl, Br or CN;m is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6; n is 0 or 1; and p is 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5; the sum of (m+p) being 2, 4 or 6 and the sum of (m+n+p) being at least 3;but with the proviso that Q.sup.3 is unsubstituted 1,4-phenylene or 1,4-phenylene substituted by a fluorine, chlorine or bromine atom, only when n=1 or (m+p)=6 or at least one of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is F, Cl or Br or none of R.sup.1 to R.sup.3 is CN or two of the radicals R.sup.1 to R.sup.

Abstract: Optically active nitrogen-containing heterocycles of the formula I according to claim 1 are suitable as components for ferroelectric liquid crystalline materials.

Abstract: Vertically oriented polymer materials with nonlinear optical properties are obtained by polymerization of monomers containing polar groups.

Abstract: Articles having a substrate coated with a oriented polymer having polar monomer units wherein the monomer units and main polymer chains originate from cyclic monomers polymerized by ring opening polymerization through impinging light on the coated surface.

Abstract: New tetrahydropyran derivatives of the formula I ##STR1## in which G is H.sub.2 or .dbd.O, R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are each an alkyl group having 1-10 C atoms, it also being possible for one or two CH.sub.2 groups to be replaced by O atoms, or are F, Cl, Br or CN, R.sup.2 is also H, A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, piperidine-1,4-diyl, 1,4-bicyclo[2.2.2]octylene or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl groups which are unsubstituted or substituted by 1-4 F atoms, Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 are each --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O--, or a single bond, m and n are each 0, 1, 2 or 3, but (m+n) is at least 1 and at most 3, it being possible, when m is 2 or 3, for the group A.sup.1 and, when n is 2 or 3, for the groups A.sup.2 each to be identical or different from one another, and the acid addition salts of those among these compounds which are basic, are suitable for use as components in liquid-crystal dielectrics.

Abstract: New 1,4-dioxanes of the formula I ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 each signify and alkyl group with 1 - 10 C-atoms, wherein one or two CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by O-atoms, F, Cl, Br or CN,R.sup.2 also H,A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 each signify 1,4-phenylene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, 1,3-dioxane-2,5-diyl, 1,4-dioxane-2,5-diyl, peperidine-1,4-diyl, 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)-octylene or pyrimidine-2,5-diyl groups, unsubstituted or substituted by 1 - 4 F-atoms,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 each signify --CO--O--, --O--CO--, CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, OCH.sub.2 -- --CH.sub.2 O-- or a single bond,m and n each signify 0, 1, 2 or 3,(m+n), however, are at least 1 and at most 3,whereby for m=2 or 3, the groups A.sup.1 and for n=2 or 3 the groups A.sup.2 can each be the same or different from one another,as well as the acid-addition salts of the basic ones of these compounds,are suitable for use as components of liquid-crystalline dielectrics.

Abstract: Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --[Z.sup.2 --A.sup.3 ].sub.n --R.sup.2whereinR.sup.1 and R.sup.2 in each case independently of one another are an alkyl group with 1-15 C atoms, it also being possible for one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups to be replaced by O atoms and/or --CO-- groups and/or --O--CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups, and one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is also H, F, Cl, Br or CN,A.sup.1 is a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, it also being possible for one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups to be replaced by O atoms, a 1,4-bicyclo-(2,2,2)-octylene group or a 1,3-dithiane-2,5-diyl group,Z.sup.1 and Z.sup.2 in each case independently of one another are --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.2 O-- or a single bond,A.sup.2 and A.sup.

Abstract: Heterocyclic boron compounds of the formula IR.sup.1 --A.sup.1 --Z.sup.1 --A.sup.2 --R.sup.2 (I)can be used as components of liquid-crystal phases. A.sup.1 is --A--, --A.sup.4 --A--, or --A--A.sup.4 -- and A is ##STR1## .

Abstract: A liquid crystal phase containing at least one component selected from Group C compounds of the formulae VII to X ##STR1## has particularly advantageous properties.

Abstract: Six-membered ring compounds of the formula I ##STR1## wherein A is a benzene or cyclohexane ring,X.sup.1 to X.sup.6 independently of one another in each case are H, --OR, --COOR, --SR, --SOR, --SO.sub.2 R or, if A is a cyclohexane ring, also --O--COR, andR is in each case an alkyl group which has up to 15 C atoms and in which one or two CH.sub.2 groups can be replaced by O atoms, at least three of the substituents X.sup.1 to X.sup.6 being other than H,can be used as constituents of discotic liquid-crystal phases for liquid-crystal display elements.

Abstract: Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds of the formula IR.sup.I --(A--Z).sub.n --A--R.sup.2 Iwherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 in each case independently of one another are alkyl group with 1-15 C atoms, wherein one or two non-adjacent CH.sub.2 groups can also be replaced by 0 atoms and/or --CO-- group and/or --O--CO-- groups and/or --CO--O-- groups, and one of the radicals R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 can also be H, CN, F, Cl or Br, the groups A in each case independently of one another are a 1,4-phenylene group, wherein one or two CH groups can also be replaced by N atoms, a 1,4-cyclohexylene group, wherein one or two CH.sub.2 groups which are not adjacent can be replaced by 0 atoms, a 1,3-dithiane-2,5-diyl group, a 1,4-bicyclo(2,2,2)-octylene group, a decahydronapthalene-2,6-diyl group or a 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,6-diyl group, the group Z in each case independently of one another are --CO--O--, --O--CO--, --CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 --, --OCH.sub.2 --, --CH.sub.