Abstract: Disclosed are a spiro-bisphosphorous compound, and a preparation and application thereof. The spiro-bisphosphorous compound is expressed in formula (I), (II) or (III).

Abstract: Disclosed are a spiro-bisphosphorous compound, and a preparation and application thereof. The spiro-bisphosphorous compound is expressed in formula (I), (II) or (III).

Abstract: The disclosure relates to chemical synthesis, and more particularly to a biphenyltetradentate phosphite compound and a preparation and application thereof.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to chemical synthesis, and more particularly to a biphenyltetradentate phosphite compound and a preparation and application thereof.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling a transmission window size, wherein a transmission condition of the transmission path between a transmitting element and a receiving element is checked when at least one of the transmitting and receiving elements moves from a first access network to a second access network. Then, the transmission window size is changed in response to the result of said checking step. Thereby, the transmission window can be decreased actively to thereby accelerate the control procedure and improve resource utilization.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for marking a packet with a precedence value in a TCP-friendly way. One system and method marks packets with a precedence value based on a probability function. Another system and method marks packets with one of three precedence values based on network traffic but enables interleaving of differently marked packets when a certain number of packets have been successively marked with a low or medium precedence value.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and system for managing a communication between a first mobile network element and a second network element, wherein the communication is performed via a network on a packet-switched basis with acknowledgment messages acknowledging receipt of packets being returned to the packet sending network element. A congestion control is provided for controlling the number of packets being allowed to be sent before receipt of acknowledgment messages for these packets. The congestion control is adapted to change, when the first network element performs a hand-over and sends a message informing on the I hand-over, so as to provide faster recovery rate after handover as compared to the normal recovery rate after packet loss. At least one of the first and second network element is adapted, when receiving the message, to trigger the invocation of a fast retransmit and fast recovery algorithm.

Abstract: A method and system for controlling a transmission window size, wherein a transmission condition of the transmission path between a transmitting element and a receiving element is checked when at least one of the transmitting and receiving elements moves from a first access network to a second access network. Then, the transmission window size is changed in response to the result of said checking step. Thereby, the transmission window can be decreased actively to thereby accelerate the control procedure and improve resource utilization.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for marking a packet with a precedence value in a TCP-friendly way. One system and method marks packets with a precedence value based on a probability function. Another system and method marks packets with one of three precedence values based on network traffic but enables interleaving of differently marked packets when a certain number of packets have been successively marked with a low or medium precedence value.