Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for forming carbon allotropes. An exemplary method includes forming a feedstock that includes at least about 10 mol % oxygen, at least about 10 mol % carbon, and at least about 20 mol % hydrogen. Carbon allotropes are formed from the feedstock in a reactor in a Bosch reaction at a temperature of at least about 500° C., and the carbon allotropes are separated from a reactor effluent stream.

Abstract: Systems and a method for removing carbon nanotubes from a continuous reactor effluent are provided herein. The method includes flowing the continuous reactor effluent through a separation vessel, separating carbon nanotubes from the continuous reactor effluent in the separation vessel, and generating a stream including gaseous components from the continuous reactor effluent.

Abstract: Methods and a system for removing carbon nanotubes from a water stream are provided herein. The system includes a purification vessel, wherein the purification vessel is configured to form a carbon oxide from the carbon nanotubes within the water stream.

Abstract: Systems and a method for forming carbon allotropes are described. An exemplary reactor system for the production of carbon allotropes includes a hybrid reactor configured to form carbon allotropes from a reactant gas mixture in a Bosch reaction. The hybrid reactor includes at least two distinct zones that perform different functions including reaction, attrition, catalyst separation, or gas separation.

Abstract: A system and methods for forming carbon allotropes are described. The system includes a reactor configured to use a catalyst to form a carbon allotrope from a feed stock in a Bosch reaction. The catalyst includes a roughened metal surface.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for forming carbon allotropes. An exemplary method includes treating a carbonaceous compound to form a feedstock that includes at least about 10 mol % oxygen, at least about 10 mol % carbon, and at least about 20 mol % hydrogen. Carbon allotropes are formed from the feedstock in a reactor in a Bosch reaction at a temperature of at least about 500° C. The carbon allotropes are separated from a reactor effluent stream.

Abstract: Systems and a method for forming carbon allotropes are described. An exemplary reactor system for the production of carbon allotropes includes a hybrid reactor configured to form carbon allotropes from a reactant gas mixture in a Bosch reaction. The hybrid reactor includes at least two distinct zones that perform different functions including reaction, attrition, catalyst separation, or gas separation.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for forming carbon allotropes. An exemplary method includes treating a carbonaceous compound to form a feedstock that includes at least about 10 mol % oxygen, at least about 10 mol % carbon, and at least about 20 mol % hydrogen. Carbon allotropes are formed from the feedstock in a reactor in a Bosch reaction at a temperature of at least about 500° C. The carbon allotropes are separated from a reactor effluent stream.

Abstract: Methods and a system for removing carbon nanotubes from a water stream are provided herein. The system includes a purification vessel, wherein the purification vessel is configured to form a carbon oxide from the carbon nanotubes within the water stream.

Abstract: A system and methods for forming carbon allotropes are described. The system includes a reactor configured to use a catalyst to form a carbon allotrope from a feed stock in a Bosch reaction. The catalyst includes a roughened metal surface.

Abstract: Methods and systems are provided for forming carbon allotropes. An exemplary method includes forming a feedstock that includes at least about 10 mol % oxygen, at least about 10 mol % carbon, and at least about 20 mol % hydrogen. Carbon allotropes are formed from the feedstock in a reactor in a Bosch reaction at a temperature of at least about 500° C., and the carbon allotropes are separated from a reactor effluent stream.

Abstract: Systems and a method for removing carbon nanotubes from a continuous reactor effluent are provided herein. The method includes flowing the continuous reactor effluent through a separation vessel, separating carbon nanotubes from the continuous reactor effluent in the separation vessel, and generating a stream including gaseous components from the continuous reactor effluent.

Abstract: This invention relates to the desulfurization of a hydrocarbon feedstock by contacting said feedstock with an aqueous metal hydroxide solution, thus resulting in a desulfurized feedstock and an aqueous metal sulfide stream. In the present invention, the aqueous metal sulfide stream is split into at least three fractions and each fraction is passed to a different electrochemical cell, connected in series to regenerate the metal hydroxide required in the desulfurization process and recover sulfur, metal hydroxide, and hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the metal hydroxide that is produced in the electrochemical metal hydroxide regeneration process of the present invention is recycled for use in the process for desulfurizing the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: This invention relates to the desulfurization of a hydrocarbon feedstock by contacting said feedstock with an aqueous metal hydroxide solution, thus resulting in a desulfurized feedstock and an aqueous metal sulfide stream. In the present invention, the aqueous metal sulfide stream is split into at least three fractions and each fraction is passed to a different electrochemical cell, connected in series to regenerate the metal hydroxide required in the desulfurization process and recover sulfur, metal hydroxide, and hydrogen. In a preferred embodiment, at least a portion of the metal hydroxide that is produced in the electrochemical metal hydroxide regeneration process of the present invention is recycled for use in the process for desulfurizing the sulfur-containing hydrocarbon feedstock.

Abstract: A liquid atomization process comprises forming a two-phase fluid mixture of a liquid and a gas, under pressure, dividing the fluid into two separate streams which are passed into and through an impingement mixing zone in which they are impingement mixed to form a single stream of two-phase fluid. The mixed, single stream is then passed into and through a shear mixing zone and then into a lower pressure expansion zone, in which atomization occurs to form a spray of atomized drops of the liquid. The impingement and shear mixing zones comprise respective upstream and downstream portions of a single fluid passageway in a nozzle. This is useful for atomizing the hot feed oil in an FCC process.

Abstract: A liquid atomization process comprises forming a two-phase fluid mixture of a liquid and a gas, under pressure, dividing the fluid into two separate streams which are passed into and through an impingement mixing zone in which they are impingement mixed to form a single stream of two-phase fluid. The mixed, single stream is then passed into and through a shear mixing zone and then into a lower pressure expansion zone, in which atomization occurs to form a spray of atomized drops of the liquid. The impingement and shear mixing zones comprise respective upstream and downstream portions of a single fluid passageway in a nozzle. This is useful for atomizing the hot feed oil in an FCC process.

Abstract: A process for the desulfurization, and reactivation of a sulfur deactivated catalyst constituted of cobalt composited with a titania support. The sulfur deactivated cobalt titania catalyst is first contacted with a gaseous stream of molecular oxygen at temperature sufficiently high to oxidize the sulfur component of the catalyst. The sulfur oxidized catalyst is next contacted with a liquid, preferably water, to remove the oxide, or oxides of the sulfur. The catalyst is then contacted with a reducing agent, suitably hydrogen, to restore the activity of the catalyst. During the treatment there is no substantial loss, if any, of cobalt from the catalyst.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a catalyst useful for conducting carbon monoxide hydrogenation reactions, particularly Fischer-Tropsch reactions; the catalyst compositions, use of the catalyst compositions for conducting such reactions, and the products of these reactions. The steps of the process for producing the catalyst comprise mixing together in solution (a) a compound, or salt of a Group VIII metal, e.g., Co(NO3)2; (b) a compound, or salt of magnesium, e.g., Mg(NO3)2; (c) a compound, salt, or powdered oxide of a Group IVB metal, e.g., zirconia; (d) a refractory inorganic oxide, e.g., kieselguhr; and (e) an ammonium or alkali metal salt precipitating agent, e.g., Na2CO3, to produce a precipitated solids mass, or catalyst precursor, and then reducing the precipitated solids mass, or catalyst precursor, to form a catalyst, e.g., (100 Co:6 MgO:10 ZrO2:200 kieselguhr). The precipitated solids mass, or catalyst precursor, is shaped and brought to a critical level of moisture, and reduced.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a catalyst useful for conducting carbon monoxide hydrogenation reactions, particularly Fischer-Tropsch reactions; the catalyst compositions, use of the catalyst compositions for conducting such reactions, and the products of these reactions. The steps of the process for producing the catalyst comprise mixing together in solution (a) a compound, or salt of a Group VIII metal, e.g., Co(NO3)2; (b) a compound, or salt of magnesium, e.g., Mg(NO3)2; (c) a refractory inorganic oxide, e.g., kieselguhr; and (d) an ammonium or alkali metal salt precipitating agent, e.g., Na2CO3, to produce a precipitated solids mass, or catalyst precursor, shaping and then reducing the precipitated solids mass, or catalyst precursor, to form a catalyst. In the preparation a solution of (a)+(b) can be added to a solution of (c) and (d) and precipitated as a particulate solids mass.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of a catalyst useful for conducting carbon monoxide hydrogenation reactions, especially Fischer-Tropsch reactions. The steps of the process begin with the activation, or reactivation, of a deactivated catalyst, or with the preparation and activation of a fresh catalyst. In accordance with the latter, the steps of the process comprise, first contacting, in one or more steps, a powder or preformed, particulate refractory inorganic support with a liquid, or solution in which there is dispersed or dissolved a compound, or salt of a catalytically active metal, or metals, to impregnate and deposit the metal, or metals, upon the support, or powder. The metal, or metals, impregnated support is calcined following each impregnation step to form oxides of the deposited metal, or metals.