Abstract: The present invention relates to a material for reducing acrylamide content in foods having the formula: (MxHy)+4(P2O7)?4: where M is a cation selected from the group consisting of monovalent cations, divalent cations, and trivalent cation; H is hydrogen, P2O7 is the pyrophosphate anion, and y is a number between 2.2-3.8; and x is a value sufficient to balance the overall charge of said compound.

Abstract: An apparatus for detecting the presence of ice or smooth packed snow on a road surface has a source of electromagnetic radiation, for example, a light emitting diode. This is mounted to illuminate an area of the road surface. It is driven by a modulating circuit at a known frequency. A detector is mounted adjacent the light source to receive radiation reflected back from the road surface, to generate a detector signal. This signal is demodulated by a demodulator to generate an intermediate signal. This is preferably compared with a fixed value, to determine whether the reflectivity of the road surface exceeds a set value, indicative of the presence of ice.