Abstract: Substance-administration apparatus (20) is provided, including a housing (22), and a needle (80), couplable to the housing (22), having a skin-insertion portion 0.3-2.5 mm in length and an outer diameter less than 0.23 mm. A dosage regulator (60) regulates a dosage of substance injected in a single injection through the needle (80). Dosage is selectable by a setting of the dosage regulator (60) as one of a plurality of selectable dosages. At least one dosage is less than or equal to 10 ul. An injection driver (54), activatable by a user, drives the substance through the needle (80). A motor coupled to the injection driver (54) is actuated by the dosage regulator (60) in a pulsatile manner to produce brief periods of high pressure in the apparatus (20) that expel a predetermined volume of the substance through the needle (80) at a controlled rate. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: Substance-administration apparatus (20) is provided, including a housing (22), and a needle (80), couplable to the housing (22), having a skin-insertion portion 0.3-2.5 mm in length and an outer diameter less than 0.23 mm. A dosage regulator (60) regulates a dosage of substance injected in a single injection through the needle (80). Dosage is selectable by a setting of the dosage regulator (60) as one of a plurality of selectable dosages. At least one dosage is less than or equal to 10 ul. An injection driver (54), activatable by a user, drives the substance through the needle (80). A motor coupled to the injection driver (54) is actuated by the dosage regulator (60) in a pulsatile manner to produce brief periods of high pressure in the apparatus (20) that expel a predetermined volume of the substance through the needle (80) at a controlled rate. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: A method is provided, including placing first and second electrodes at respective first and second sites of a duodenum of a subject, and activating the electrodes to increase a blood insulin level of the subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method is provided, including placing first and second electrodes (90) at respective first and second sites of a duodenum (40) of a subject, and activating the electrodes (90) to increase a blood insulin level of the subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Apparatus and methods are described for cutting a hole in a nail of a subject. The apparatus includes an element having a nail-contacting cutting surface for contacting the subject's nail. A control unit is configured to generate a hole in the subject's nail by moving the nail-contacting surface in a back-and-forth motion, while the nail-contacting surface is in contact with the subject's nail. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided for drilling a hole in a nail of a subject. A drill bit has a nail-contacting surface for contacting the subject's nail. A drill control unit is configured to drill a hole in the subject's nail by moving the nail-contacting surface in a back-and-forth motion, while the nail-contacting surface is in contact with the subject's nail. Other applications are also described.

Abstract: Substance-administration apparatus is provided, including a housing and a needle couplable to the housing, having a skin-insertion portion 0.3-2.5 mm in length and an outer diameter that is less than 0.23 mm. The apparatus also comprises a dosage regulator coupled to the housing, which regulates a dosage of the substance injected in a single injection through the needle. The dosage is selectable in accordance with a setting of the dosage regulator to be one of a plurality of selectable dosages. The plurality of selectable dosages includes at least one dosage that is less than or equal to 10 ul. The apparatus further includes an injection driver, activatable by a user to drive the substance through the needle. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method is provided, including placing first and second electrodes (90) at respective first and second sites of a duodenum (40) of a subject, and activating the electrodes (90) to increase a blood insulin level of the subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: A method is provided, including placing first and second electrodes at respective first and second sites of a duodenum of a subject, and activating the electrodes to increase a blood insulin level of the subject. Other embodiments are also described.

Abstract: Apparatus is provided including an ingestible device, which includes two or more electrodes, and a signal controller, configured to drive the electrodes to apply an electrical signal to an inner surface of a wall of a gastrointestinal (GI) tract of a subject, and to configure the signal to induce local endogenous release of nitric oxide (NO). Other embodiments are also described.