Abstract: For bridges over waterways which are susceptible to scour, the load carrying capacity of the substructure may be reduced by scour. These bridges must be evaluated for reduced load rating and/or posting limits. Here, the substructure load rating is used in connection with calculating the bridge load rating. This is often limited by the substructure load carrying capacity and the tolerable deformation. Thus, bridges impacted by scour need to be judged based on both the superstructure and substructure components. The system/process to assess the substructure load rating uses an analytical method which combines numerical methods and empirical calculations to predict the behavior of a bridge's superstructure and substructure. Limited instrumentation is installed at critical locations on the bridge. The measurements are then used to verify and refine predictions to arrive at a substructure load rating which is usable with the superstructure load rating to define a safe load carrying capacity.

Abstract: For bridges over waterways which are susceptible to scour, the load carrying capacity of the substructure may be reduced by scour. These bridges must be evaluated for reduced load rating and/or posting limits. Here, the substructure load rating is used in connection with calculating the bridge load rating. This is often limited by the substructure load carrying capacity and the tolerable deformation. Thus, bridges impacted by scour need to be judged based on both the superstructure and substructure components. The system/process to assess the substructure load rating uses an analytical method which combines numerical methods and empirical calculations to predict the behavior of a bridge's superstructure and substructure. Limited instrumentation is installed at critical locations on the bridge. The measurements are then used to verify and refine predictions to arrive at a substructure load rating which is usable with the superstructure load rating to define a safe load carrying capacity.

Abstract: A medical device is provided which includes an implantable medical device that is at least substantially covered in a granulation tissue. The granulation tissue is substantially immunocompatible with an immune system of a patient into which the implantable medical device is to be implanted for a therapeutic purpose.