Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrode sandwich includes, responsive to an amount of cyclable lithium lost being greater than a predefined threshold, initiating, by a controller, current flow between the sandwich and a lithium replenishment electrode in ionic conductivity with the sandwich via replenishment gaps to transfer lithium thereto, and, responsive to an amount of transferred lithium corresponding to the amount lost, hot-press sealing the replenishment gaps and detaching the replenishment electrode from the sandwich.

Abstract: An electrified vehicle battery pack includes a cold plate and a plurality of cells contacting the cold plate, each having a separator disposed between an anode and a cathode, at least one of the anode and the separator configured with a property gradient such that the property varies as a function of distance from the cold plate. The property may include particle size, particle loading or density, or porosity.

Abstract: A method for fabricating an electrode sandwich includes, responsive to an amount of cyclable lithium lost being greater than a predefined threshold, initiating, by a controller, current flow between the sandwich and a lithium replenishment electrode in ionic conductivity with the sandwich via replenishment gaps to transfer lithium thereto, and, responsive to an amount of transferred lithium corresponding to the amount lost, hot-press sealing the replenishment gaps and detaching the replenishment electrode from the sandwich.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a traction battery and a controller programmed to, in response to a duration of current flow through the traction battery exceeding a predetermined duration, output a state of charge based on a first resistance value that is greater than a second resistance value used when the duration is less than the predetermined duration to compensate for a change in voltage drop caused by diffusion processes within the traction battery.

Abstract: A lithium-ion battery includes a housing, an electrode assembly within the housing, and a high capacity regenerating electrode. The high capacity regenerating electrode is within the housing and electrically isolated from the electrode assembly. The high capacity regenerating electrode is also spaced away from and only corresponds to a single face of the electrode assembly. The high capacity regenerating electrode is configured to be selectively electrically connected to the electrode assembly to provide lithium ions to increase capacity of the electrode assembly.

Abstract: A vehicle includes a traction battery and a controller programmed to, in response to a duration of current flow through the traction battery exceeding a predetermined duration, output a state of charge based on a first resistance value that is greater than a second resistance value used when the duration is less than the predetermined duration to compensate for a change in voltage drop caused by diffusion processes within the traction battery.

Abstract: A method includes controlling operation of a vehicle in response to an estimation of a capacity loss and capacity of a lithium-ion battery module of the vehicle. The estimation is a function that includes a state-of-lithiation swing and fracture of a solid-electrolyte interphase of an electrode of the lithium-ion battery module. The methodology can be implemented in a vehicle that includes a lithium-ion battery module and a controller that controls operation of the vehicle in response to such an estimation.

Abstract: A method includes controlling operation of a vehicle in response to an estimation of a capacity loss and capacity of a lithium-ion battery module of the vehicle. The estimation is a function that includes a state-of-lithiation swing and fracture of a solid-electrolyte interphase of an electrode of the lithium-ion battery module. The methodology can be implemented in a vehicle that includes a lithium-ion battery module and a controller that controls operation of the vehicle in response to such an estimation.

Abstract: An electrode for a lithium ion battery includes a liquid metal having a melting point that is below the operating temperature of the battery, which transforms from a liquid to a solid during lithiation, and wherein the liquid metal transforms from a solid to a liquid during delithiation.