Abstract: An apparatus for estimating attitude using an inertia measuring apparatus comprising: a Kalman filter 3 adapted to receive a quantity of state ?(t) from the inertia measuring apparatus 1, input the quantity of state into a predetermined system equation and a predetermined observation equation and execute time update processing and observation update processing with regard to the system equation and the observation equation; a processing section 4 adapted to generate an estimated value of a time differentiation of a modified Rodrigues parameter ?(t) based upon an output of the Kalman filter; an integral processing section 5 adapted to generate an estimated value of the modified Rodrigues parameter based upon an output of the processing section; a system propagation matrix generating section 6 adapted to update an observation sensitivity matrix based upon an initial value being given beforehand and an output of the integral processing section and supply the updated output to the Kalman filter; a transformed mat

Abstract: There is an electro-optical device. An electro-optical device includes: a plurality of scanning lines; a plurality of data lines; a plurality of pixels that are provided so as to correspond to intersections between the plurality of scanning lines and the plurality of data lines, each of the pixels has a pixel electrode, a common electrode that is disposed so as to be opposite to the pixel electrode, and a switching element that allows, when a selection voltage is applied to the scanning line, the data line and the pixel electrode to enter a conductive state; a scanning line driving circuit that supplies a selection voltage for selecting the plurality of scanning lines in a predetermined order; and a data line driving circuit that supplies, when the scanning line is selected, an image signal to the corresponding data line.

Abstract: The invention reduces power consumption when, for example, a mobile personal computer is in a power-saving mode or when a cellular phone is in a wait mode, in an electro-optical apparatus, such as a liquid crystal display of the subfield drive type used as a display apparatus for various apparatuses. Three different settings “64”, “16” and “2” are enabled as the number of gray scale levels in an electro-optical apparatus, the number of subfields becoming smaller as the number of gray scale levels is reduced. When a large number of gray scale levels is not required (when in the power-saving mode, the wait mode, etc.), a low number of gray scale levels is set, so that the own capacitance of a liquid crystal layer and storage capacitance are charged and discharged less often.

Abstract: The invention provides an electro-optical device capable of performing high-quality and high-definition gray-scale display, which can be driven with a low power consumption, and to provide a driving method therefor and an electronic apparatus using the electro-optical device. An electro-optical device according to the present invention includes a plurality of pixels. Each pixel includes a pixel electrode, a memory that stores gray-scale data, and a pulse duration control circuit that applies, to the pixel, a voltage that turns on the pixel or a voltage that turns off the pixel with a time density in accordance with the gray-scale data written to the memory. According to the electro-optical device, by turning on or off each pixel, gray-scale display can be performed by effective value control. From among a plurality of pixels, it is only necessary to write gray-scale data to the memory of a pixel whose gray-scale data written to the memory thereof needs to be changed.

Abstract: A signal applied to a data line is binarized to provide a high-quality gray scale presentation. To provide eight gray scales, for example, one field is divided into seven subfields in accordance with gray scale characteristics of an electro-optical device. Pixels are turned on or off by writing a high-level or a low-level signal thereon in a first subfield. In subsequent subfields, high-level or low-level signals are written depending on the gray scale level of each pixel to control the ratio of the on period of the pixels to the off period of the pixels on one field.

Abstract: The invention simplifies the configuration of a comparators circuit used in an electrooptic device or the like, in which gradation data is stored for each pixel, to realize lower power consumption, higher definition and multiple gradation. Transistors in which gradation data D0 to D2 are respectively supplied to the gate terminals, and transistors in which gradation signals P0 to P2 resulting from counting are respectively supplied to the gate terminals are connected to form a comparator circuit. When the gradation signals P0 to P2 are less than the results of reversal of the gradation data D0 to D2, the comparator circuit is placed into a nonconductive state, while when the gradation signals P0 to P2 are equal to the results of reversal of the gradation data D0 to D2, the comparator circuit is placed into a conductive state. As a result, a pulse signal PW can be produced according to the gradation data D0 to D2 to realize a gradation display in a sub-field driving system.

Abstract: The invention provides an electro-optical device capable of a high-quality and high-definition tone display, a driving method thereof, a driving circuit thereof, and electronic equipment using the same. With the invention, one field is divided into a plurality of sub-fields, such that each pixel is turned on or off in each of the sub-fields so that the proportion of the period during which each pixel is turned on to the period during which the associated pixel is turned off within the one field corresponds to the proportion according to the tone data. Further, when each pixel is turned on, either a first voltage which is higher than a constant reference voltage applied to a counter electrode or a second voltage which is lower than the reference voltage is applied to a pixel electrode of the associated pixel, and when the pixel is turned off, a voltage equal to the reference voltage is applied to the pixel electrode of the pixel.

Abstract: An apparatus for estimating attitude using an inertia measuring apparatus comprising: a Kalman filter 3 adapted to receive a quantity of state &ohgr;(t) from the inertia measuring apparatus 1, input the quantity of state into a predetermined system equation and a predetermined observation equation and execute time update processing and observation update processing with regard to the system equation and the observation equation; a processing section 4 adapted to generate an estimated value of a time differentiation of a modified Rodrigues parameter &agr;(t) based upon an output of the Kalman filter; an integral processing section 5 adapted to generate an estimated value of the modified Rodrigues parameter based upon an output of the processing section; a system propagation matrix generating section 6 adapted to update an observation sensitivity matrix based upon an initial value being given beforehand and an output of the integral processing section and supply the updated output to the Kalman filter; a transf

Abstract: The invention provides a liquid crystal panel substrate having transistors and reflectors connected to the transistors on a substrate to allow bright reflection display of high quality at wide viewing angles by providing the most suitable reflection characteristics to the reflectors. Under the reflectors, first conductive layers are overlaid in regions corresponding to the reflectors and formed in a concave-convex condition by forming a large number of openings. Also, in a plan view, a light-shielding film covering gaps between the reflectors is formed of the second conductive layer, and may have no openings.

Abstract: The invention concerns preventing the occurrence of breakage or short-circuiting caused by spacer members among wires made of conductive layers laminated on one substrate that holds an electro-optical material in an electro-optical apparatus. The electro-optical apparatus may include an electro-optical material provided in a region surrounded by a sealing unit between a pair of substrates, along with a conductive layer laminated on one of the pair of substrates. The sealing unit may be divided into a part having a spacer member and a part not having the spacer member, and the wiring made of the conductive layer, is provided between the part not having the spacer member of the sealing unit and the substrate.

Abstract: Owning a mechanical key alone does not allow knowing whether an automobile, dwelling, etc. is locked or unlocked. Furthermore, if a plurality of keys are owned, it is difficult to identify at a glance a key for a particular object. Furthermore, when a toll parking is used, a parking time has been estimated by taking notes on the time when the automobile is parked, which has caused a laborious work. Furthermore, even if an on-vehicle GPS unit is mounted, it has been necessary to take notes on map information of a surrounding area before going out of the automobile. Accordingly, the present invention provides a key with display capability that allows information relating to an object to be grasped even from a location remote from the object. Display means for displaying an image and receiving means for receiving information from an object that requires a key are provided, and information relating to the object is received from the object and then displayed.

Abstract: Writing and holding a data signal to and in a memory circuit in a pixel driving circuit are controlled according to whether a row scanning line and a column scanning line are selected or not. According to a data signal held in the memory circuit, a pixel driver connects a first voltage signal line or a second voltage signal line to a pixel. A reference voltage is applied to a counter electrode of a counter substrate, and display is performed by a potential difference between the reference voltage and a first voltage signal or a second voltage signal.

Abstract: The present invention controls writing or holding a data signal to and in a memory circuit in a pixel driving circuit according to whether a row scanning line and a column scanning line are selected or not. According to a data signal held in the memory circuit, a pixel driver connects a first voltage signal line or a second voltage signal line to a pixel. A reference voltage is applied to a common electrode of a opposite substrate, and display is performed by a potential difference between the reference voltage and a first voltage signal or a second voltage signal. Thus, an electro-optic device is provided that consumes less power and features a simpler control method and a simpler control circuit configuration than a conventional static drive liquid crystal device.

Abstract: To simplify the configuration of a comparator circuit used in an electrooptic device or the like, in which gradation data is stored for each pixel, to realize lower power consumption, higher definition and multiple gradation. Transistors 31 to 33 in which gradation data D0 to D2 are respectively supplied to the gate terminals, and transistors 41 to 43 in which gradation signals P0 to P2 resulting from counting are respectively supplied to the gate terminals are connected as shown in the drawings to form a comparator circuit 30. When the gradation signals P0 to P2 are less than the results of reversal of the gradation data D0 to D2, the comparator circuit 30 is put into a nonconductive state, while when the gradation signals P0 to P2 are equal to the results of reversal of the gradation data D0 to D2, the comparator circuit 30 is put into a conductive state. As a result, a pulse signal PW can be produced according to the gradation data D0 to D2 to realize a gradation display in a sub-field driving system.

Abstract: In order to provide an electro-optical device capable of a high-quality and high-definition tone display, a driving method thereof, a driving circuit thereof, and electronic equipment using the electro-optical device, a driving method of an electro-optical device according to the present invention is characterized in that one field is divided into a plurality of sub-fields, such that each pixel is turned on or off in each of the sub-fields so that the proportion of the period during which each pixel is turned on to the period during which the associated pixel is turned off within the one field corresponds to the proportion according to the tone data, and when each pixel is turned on, either a first voltage which is higher than a constant reference voltage applied to a counter electrode or a second voltage which is lower than the reference voltage is applied to a pixel electrode of the associated pixel, and when the pixel is turned off, a voltage equal to the reference voltage is applied to the pixel electrode

Abstract: The invention provides an electro-optical device capable of performing high-quality and high-definition gray-scale display, which can be driven with a low power consumption, and to provide a driving method therefor and an electronic apparatus using the electro-optical device. An electro-optical device according to the present invention includes a plurality of pixels. Each pixel includes a pixel electrode, a memory that stores gray-scale data, and a pulse duration control circuit that applies, to the pixel, a voltage that turns on the pixel or a voltage that turns off the pixel with a time density in accordance with the gray-scale data written to the memory. According to the electro-optical device, by turning on or off each pixel, gray-scale display can be performed by effective value control. From among a plurality of pixels, it is only necessary to write gray-scale data to the memory of a pixel whose gray-scale data written to the memory thereof needs to be changed.

Abstract: The invention reduces power consumption when, for example, a mobile personal computer is in a power-saving mode or when a cellular phone is in a wait mode, in an electro-optical apparatus, such as a liquid crystal display of the subfield drive type used as a display apparatus for various apparatuses. Three different settings “64”, “16” and “2” are enabled as the number of gray scale levels in an electro-optical apparatus, the number of subfields becoming smaller as the number of gray scale levels is reduced. When a large number of gray scale levels is not required (when in the power-saving mode, the wait mode, etc.), a low number of gray scale levels is set, so that the own capacitance of a liquid crystal layer and storage capacitance are charged and discharged less often.