Abstract: A surface-emitting laser device includes a first-conductivity type substrate including a first main surface on one side and a second main surface on an opposite side, a first-conductivity type reflection layer laminated on the first main surface so as to be lower in concentration than the substrate, a first-conductivity type clad layer laminated on the reflection layer so as to be higher in concentration than the reflection layer, an active layer laminated on the clad layer, a second-conductivity type semiconductor layer laminated on the active layer, a first removal portion that is formed by digging down the semiconductor layer and the active layer so as to expose the clad layer and that demarcates a mesa structure having a plateau shape, a second removal portion that is formed by digging down the clad layer and the reflection layer from a bottom portion of the first removal portion so as to expose the substrate from a position distant from the mesa structure, and a bypass wiring that is electrically connect

Abstract: A yarn containing a potential-generating filament. The yarn is constructed such that a positive or negative surface electrical potential is generated by applying an external force to the yarn in an axial direction of the yarn, and constructed such that a controlled surface electrical potential is generated by a maintenance or release of the external force.

Abstract: A yarn containing a plurality of potential-generating filaments. The yarn is characterized in that the plurality of potential-generating filaments are constructed such that the yarn has a specific permittivity of 4.5 or less. In a specific configuration, the plurality of potential-generating filaments are constructed such that the distance between the potential-generating filaments is about 0 ?m to about 10 ?m. Also provided is a fabric that contains the yarn.

Abstract: An antibacterial electric charge generation yarn meets requirements (a) to (e) mentioned below simultaneously and suppresses proliferation of bacteria by electric charge generated upon deformation of the yarn: (a) a main component of the yarn is polylactic acid; (b) the yarn is twisted; (c) the yarn has a double torque of 50 T/50 cm or less; (d) the yarn has a single fiber fineness of 0.05 to 5 dtex; and (e) the number of filaments in the yarn is 10 to 400.

Abstract: A yarn that includes a fiber that generates a potential on a surface thereof by energy from the outside; and a grounded conductive core material covered with the fiber. The yarn generates a potential of 0.1 V or more on a surface thereof when measured under the following conditions: the yarn is stretched by a predetermined amount in a uniaxial direction; and the potential is measured with an electric force microscope.

Abstract: An antibacterial electric charge generation yarn meets requirements (a) to (e) mentioned below simultaneously and suppresses proliferation of bacteria by electric charge generated upon deformation of the yarn: (a) a main component of the yarn is polylactic acid.; (b) the yarn is twisted; (c) the yarn has a double torque of 50 T/50 cm or less; (d) the yarn has a single fiber fineness of 0.05 to 5 dtex; and (e) the number of filaments in the yarn is 10 to 400.