Abstract: A metal working fluid composition for use as a spray in the mist form, which comprises (a) a base oil comprising at least one of mineral oils and synthetic oils and, based on an amount of an entire composition, (b) 1 to 50% by mass of a sulfur-based extreme pressure agent and (c) 0 to 30% by mass of an ester of a carboxylic acid and a process for metal working which comprises supplying the metal working fluid composition in the mist form. The metal working fluid is inexpensive and exhibits the excellent property for working.

Abstract: A semiconductor switching element driving circuit comprises an overcurrent limiting circuit which instantaneously drops a voltage of a gate terminal of an IGBT when a main IGBT current becomes larger than a predetermined level i1. An overcurrent protection circuit which first decreases the main IGBT current at a first inclination when the main IGBT current becomes larger than the other level i2 lower than the i1 and then reduces the main IGBT current at a steep second inclination when it becomes smaller than another level i3.

Abstract: A rear opening of a housing 1 is covered by a first plate member portion 35 of a member 4. Heat generating elements 26 and 31 are mounted on a second plate member portions 36 of the member 4, which are elongated from the first plate member portion 35 and which are positioned in the housing 1, thereby causing the back face of the first plate member portion 35 to face the outside of the housing 1. A support rail attaching portion 38 is disposed on the back face. The first plate member portion 35 is grounded via a DIN rail 34 attached to the portion. Even when the housing is configured by a resin, therefore, heat generated by the heat generating elements in the housing can be efficiently discharged to the outside of the housing, with the result that an electronic device of excellent heat radiating properties is obtained.

Abstract: A thermoplastic elastomer resin composition that is flexible and has superior wear resistant, oil resistant and appearance suited for automotive interior materials, and does not contain chlorine. The composition contains (a) 100 parts by weight of a block polymer composed of at least two polymeric blocks A (primarily vinyl aromatic compounds) and at least one polymeric block B (primarily conjugate diene compounds); (b) 50-170 parts by weight of a polyolefin-based resin; (c) 100-300 parts by weight of non-aromatic plasticizer for rubber; (d) 50-170 parts by weight of a thermoplastic elastomer composition containing crystalline polyolefin resin and completely or partially crosslinked ethylene-&agr;-olefin polymer (e) 5-50 parts by weight of silicon oil whose viscosity is 50,000 centistoke or more.

Abstract: A semiconductor switching element driving circuit comprises an overcurrent limiting circuit which instantaneously drops a voltage of a gate terminal of an IGBT when a main IGBT current becomes larger than a predetermined level i1. An overcurrent protection circuit which first decreases the main IGBT current at a first inclination when the main IGBT current becomes larger than the other level i2 lower than the i1 and then reduces the main IGBT current at a steep second inclination when it becomes smaller than another level i3.

Abstract: A process for producing a monocarboxylic acid and/or a dicarboxylic acid by the reaction of a starting compound selected from among saturated hydrocarbons, .alpha.-olefins of 6 to 20 carbon atoms, saturated monocarboxylic acids and esters of the acids either with both of carbon monoxide and water at the same time or first with carbon monoxide and then with water, wherein the reaction of the starting compound either with both of carbon monoxide and water or with carbon monoxide alone is conducted in a strong acid solution containing a trifluoromethane-sulfonic acid catalyst and an alcohol and/or an olefin of 3 to 5 carbon atoms.

Abstract: In an apparatus for controlling the energization time of an ignition coil of an internal combustion engine, a desired ignition timing is computed in accordance with a load and rotation speed of the engine and an energization starting time of the ignition coil is computed in accordance with the ignition timing. The energization starting time is retarded in accordance with the primary current through the ignition coil and the energization time of the ignition coil is reduced. The primary current flow through the ignition coil is interrupted at the ignition timing.

Abstract: An improved ignition system for internal combustion engines including a constant current control circuit for effecting constant current control of an ignition coil primary current, further includes a compensating circuit for controlling a reference voltage, which is to be compared with a detection value of the ignition coil primary current, at a constant value irrespective of a decrease of a power supply voltage, thereby controlling the ignition coil primary current at a given value over a wide range of variations of the power supply voltage including a considerable decrease thereof.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for controlling the duration of a current generated in the primary winding of an ignition transformer comprises a ramp generator responsive to the ignition timing or an internal combustion engine for generating a ramp voltage having a constant peak value and a variable rate of increase in voltage as a function of the speed of the engine. A pulse generating means is provided for successively generating a pulse of which the pulse height is substantially equal to the peak value of the ramp voltage and of which the pulse duration is variable inversely as a function of the speed of the engine. To the pulse generating means is coupled an integrator for integrating the pulses supplied thereto to generate an integrated output. The output of the integrator is supplied to a comparator for making a comparison with the instantaneous value of the ramp voltage to generate an ignition current pulse having a duration corresponding to the difference between the compared input variables.

Abstract: In a knock detecting apparatus for an internal combustion engine, a comparator receives at one input a knock detection signal from a knock sensor and at the other input a knock discrimination level signal produced by a knock discrimination level generator in accordance with the knock detection signal of the knock sensor. A mask circuit inhibits the passage of the comparison output signal of the comparator during a period in which a number of noises are generated from the internal combustion engine and at the same time interrupts the operation of the knock discrimination level generator.

Abstract: A contactless ignition system for internal combustion engines controls the closing angle of an engine in response to a signal derived by comparing the AC output of an alternator operated in synchronism with the rotation of the engine with the output of a bias-up circuit adapted to supply a DC bias signal which varies with the speed of the engine. The outputs of the alternator and the bias-up circuit are applied to a voltage comparison circuit and the voltage comparison circuit applies to the bias-up circuit a signal having a frequency which is proportional to the number of revolutions of engine. In response to the signal the bias-up circuit generates a signal proportional to the engine speed and this signal is converted through a non-linear circuit of the bias-up circuit into a DC bias signal whose rate of change is small at low engine speeds but increases with an increase in speed at higher engine speeds.

Abstract: A banjo-shaped axle casing including a differential housing and a pair of axle housings. The axle casing has at least a pair of mounting members disposed opposite each other on the inside surface of the axle casing. At least one pair of flexible partitions are inserted into the axle casing such that they engage with the mounting members and partition the axle housings from the differential housing.