Abstract: This cold-rolled steel sheet has a predetermined chemical composition, in which a metallographic structure at a ¼ depth position, which is a ¼ thickness position from a surface, contains, by volume percentage, retained austenite: more than 1.0% and less than 8.0%, tempered martensite: 80.0% or more, ferrite and bainite: 0% or more and 15.0% or less in total, and martensite: 0% or more and 5.0% or less, and in the metallographic structure, a prior ? grain size is 5.0 ?m or more and 25.0 ?m or less, and a number density of retained ? on a prior ? grain boundary is 100/mm2 or less.

Abstract: According to one embodiment, a wafer includes a substrate including SiC, and a first layer including SiC. The first layer is in contact with the substrate. The first layer includes Cr. The substrate does not include Cr. Or a concentration of Cr in the substrate is lower than a concentration of Cr in the first layer. A substrate length of the substrate in a second direction crossing a first direction from the substrate to the first layer is longer than a first layer length of the first layer in the second direction.

Abstract: [PROBLEMS] Relating to a bioassay method with the use of cultured cells and cell culture for a therapeutic purpose in the case of determining the efficacy of a drug or the like or examining the toxicity thereof, it is intended to provide a method of culturing cells under regulation in the extension direction and a cell culture plate. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] A cell culture plate having a plural number of side walls (1) and a plural number of space structures (3) for providing cultured cells which are formed by the side walls (1), wherein the side walls (1) are provided with openings (2) so that the space structures (3) are linked together. By using this cell culture plate, a method of culturing cells under regulation in the extension direction can be provided.

Abstract: [Problems]Relating to a bioassay method with the use of cultured cells and cell culture for a therapeutic purpose in the case of determining the efficacy of a drug or the like or examining the toxicity thereof, it is intended to provide a method of culturing cells under regulation in the extension direction and a cell culture plate. [Means for Solving Problems]A cell culture plate having a plural number of side walls (1) and a plural number of space structures (3) for providing cultured cells which are formed by the side walls (1), wherein the side walls (1) are provided with openings (2) so that the space structures (3) are linked together. By using this cell culture plate, a method of culturing cells under regulation in the extension direction can be provided.

Abstract: A method for measuring hemodynamics of an experimental animal enabling repeated measurements, the method comprising the following steps: (i) ligating at least two parts of an artery, between which a part to be incised is located, of the experimental animal, the parts comprising at least one proximal ligated part and at least one distal ligated part, and then incising a part between the ligated parts; (ii) inserting through the incised part a blood pressure-volume simultaneously measuring catheter provided with multiple conductance electrodes and at least one pressure sensor; (iii) loosening the distal ligated part so as to allow an insertion of the catheter and not to cause bleeding in the opened part; (iv) further inserting the catheter so as to introduce the multiple conductance electrodes and the pressure sensor(s) into the heart ventricle; and (v) simultaneously measuring pressure and volume of the heart.

Abstract: A method for measuring hemodynamics of an experimental animal enabling repeated measurements, the method comprising the following steps: