Abstract: An electrophotographic roller includes: a conductive substrate; and a foamed layer on an outer circumferential surface of the substrate, in which the foamed layer is a surface layer of the electrophotographic roller, the foamed layer has a skeleton including a binder resin, and at least one conductive particle in the binder resin, the foamed layer has a communication structure having at least one gap opening, and extending in a thickness direction of the foamed layer, at least a portion of an inner wall of the gap includes the skeleton, at least a portion of the at least one conductive particle is exposed at the inner wall, a thickness of the foamed layer is 2.0 mm or more, and in the observation of the cross section of the foamed layer by a scanning electron microscope, the ratio of number of pixels of a specific brightness falls within a specific range.

Abstract: An electrophotographic roller comprising a substrate and a foam layer on an outer peripheral surface of the substrate, the foam layer constituting an outer surface of the electrophotographic roller, the foam layer comprising cells each of which opens on the outer surface, and the foam layer having a zero-point charge measured using a standard carrier of 40 ?C/g or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic roller comprising a substrate and a foam layer on an outer peripheral surface of the substrate, the foam layer constituting an outer surface of the electrophotographic roller, the foam layer comprising cells each of which opens on the outer surface, and the foam layer having a zero-point charge measured using a standard carrier of 40 ?C/g or more.

Abstract: An electrophotographic blade to be brought into contact with a contact member, comprises a plate spring, and a resin layer that covers at least a part of a surface of the plate spring to form a contact region that comes into contact with a contact member. In the state where one of ends of the plate spring is fixed, a length (L) from the fixed end to the another end is 5 mm to 20 mm, and a force needed to displace the another end by 1 mm is 5 N/m to 100 N/m. The resin layer satisfies the requirements: (1) the thickness of the resin layer is 0.05 mm to 2.00 mm, (2) the tan ? value of the resin layer in the range of 5° C. to 40° C. is 0.05 to 0.70, and (3) the elastic modulus of the resin layer is 1.0 to 60.0 MPa.

Abstract: An electrophotographic blade to be brought into contact with a contact member, comprises a plate spring, and a resin layer that covers at least a part of a surface of the plate spring to form a contact region that comes into contact with a contact member. In the state where one of ends of the plate spring is fixed, a length (L) from the fixed end to the another end is 5 mm to 20 mm, and a force needed to displace the another end by 1 mm is 5 N/m to 100 N/m. The resin layer satisfies the requirements: (1) the thickness of the resin layer is 0.05 mm to 2.00 mm, (2) the tan ? value of the resin layer in the range of 5° C. to 40° C. is 0.05 to 0.70, and (3) the elastic modulus of the resin layer is 1.0 to 60.0 MPa.