Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a metal oxide particle which exercises more excellent ultraviolet absorbency as a matter of course and combines therewith merits of, for example, either being shifted in ultraviolet absorption edge toward the longer wavelength side and being excellent also in the absorption efficiency of a long-wavelength range of ultraviolet rays, or having good transparency and, for example, even in cases where added into or coated onto substrates, not damaging the transparency or hue of the substrates.

Abstract: This invention is to provide a macromolecular solid electrolyte exhibiting high ion conductivity even at low temperatures and a polymer used therefor. This invention relates to a polymer formed of structural units represented by the following formula (1): wherein R represents a linear or branched alkylene residue of 1 to 4 carbon atoms; X− represents a deprotonated residue of an acid; Y+ represents a cation of a nitrogen-containing compound; Z represents a residue of a monoethylenically unsaturated compound; m represents a number of average addition mols of a branched chain bound to the structural unit, —(RO)—, forming a main chain and is in the range of 2 to 20; n is in the range of 3 to 500; and p is in the range of 0 to 2, and macromolecular solid electrolyte comprising the polymer as an essential component.

Abstract: This invention is to provide a macromolecular solid electrolyte exhibiting high ion conductivity even at low temperatures and a polymer used therefor.

Abstract: The sulfonation of a polyaniline or a derivative thereof by the use of a sulfonating agent, characterized by dispersing the polyaniline or the derivative thereof in a reaction solvent thereby inhibiting the formation of lumps of grains due to substantial aggregation. Preferably, the solvent for the reaction is an organic solvent incapable of reacting with the sulfonating agent. The initial stirring power for the reaction of sulfonation is preferred to be not less than 0.03 kW/m3 and the polyaniline or the derivative thereof is preferred to have a water content of not more than 8 wt. %. Further, this invention is characterized by subjecting a polyaniline having introduced a sulfonic acid group therein or a derivative thereof to hydrolysis in a mixed solution of water with a hydrophilic organic solvent. The hydrophilic organic solvent is preferred to be an alcohol.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid composition is composed of a dispersed phase of dielectric solid particles and a dispersion medium of an electrically insulating solution, wherein the solution is composed of 99-75% by weight of silicone oil and 1-25% by weight of an organic compound having at least one unsaturated bond. The composition generates a large shear stress even under an electric field of relatively low intensity, and the concurrent current density is small. The composition shows excellent performances also in terms of its withstanding dielectric breakdown strength under an electric field of high intensity and the fluidity and re-dispersibility in the absence of an electric field. In the meantime, the composition has high durability of the generated shear stress and the current density.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid comprising dielectric particles and an insulating liquid and characterized by exhibiting a viscosity of not more than 0.2 Pa.cndot.s at a shear rate of 33/s when measured at 25.degree. C. in the absence of supply of an electric field and a structural viscosity satisfying the condition of the formula (1):0.01 Pa.cndot.s.ltoreq..eta..sub.1 -.eta..sub.2 .ltoreq.0.5 Pa.cndot.s (1)wherein .eta..sub.1 is a viscosity in at a shear rate of 3.3/s when measured at 25.degree. C. in the absence of supply of an electric field and .eta..sub.2 is a viscosity in at a shear rate of 33/s when measured at 25.degree. C. in the absence of supply of an electric field. This electrorheological fluid generates a large shear stress, exhibits an excellent current property and an excellent durability, and excels particularly in dispersion stability, redispersibility and fluidity.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid comprising a dielectric particle as the dispersed phase, an insulating oil as the dispersing medium, and an additive, the additive being substantially insoluble in the dispersing medium, and being a composite containing a polysiloxane-containing structural unit (A), and at least one dispersed phase absorbing chain-containing structural unit (B) selected from the group consisting of an alkylene oxide chain-containing structural unit (B-1), a nitrogen atom chain-containing structural unit (B-2), and a long hydrocarbon chain-containing structural unit (B-3).

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid composition comprising a dispersion of disperse-phase particles formed of a sulfonated polymer possessing aromatic rings substituted with sulfonic acid groups in an electrically non-conducting oil which electrorheological fluid is characterized by the fact that the number of sulfonic acid groups in said sulfonated polymer forming said disperse-phase particles exceeds the number of aromatic rings present in said sulfonated polymer.

Abstract: In a progressive power lens has a farsight portion having a refracting power corresponding to a distant view, a nearsight portion having a refracting power corresponding to a near view, and an intermediate portion for continuously and smoothly connecting the refracting powers of the farsight and nearsight portions between the two portions along a principal meridional curve, when the intermediate portion as a progressive power range is shortened, optimal shapes of respective portions are found out in terms of a vertical sectional shape of a refracting surface, and an aberration blance in the overall refracting surface is optimized.

Abstract: Ophthalmic lenses having progressively variable refracting power are designed to have good aberrational balance, a wide field of view, large clear vision areas, and minimal image distortion and shift. Aberration density is reduced in a progressively variable refracting power area in a side portion of the principal meridional curve from a lower position in a portion for distance vision correction, through an intermediate portion, to a portion for near vision correction. Optical cross-sectional and longitudinally sectional shapes of the refracting surfaces optimize aberration balance in the entire area of the refracting surfaces. In the side areas, an average refracting power on the lens surface and a value associated with the Gaussian curvature are used as parameters to define lens aberration quantitatively.

Abstract: An ophthalmic lens having a progressively variable refracting power, includes a portion for distance vision which has a refracting power of a far scene along a principal meridional curve, a portion for near vision which has a refracting power of a near scene, and an intermediate portion defined between the portions for distance vision and near vision to connect these portions by continuously changing refracting power. Changes in curvature .rho.m along the principal meridional curve and curvature .rho.s along a direction perpendicular thereto are optimized on the principal meridional curve, thereby detecting an optimal shape. The curvature .rho.m along the principal meridional curve and the curvature .rho.s in a direction perpendicular to the principal meridional curve are maximum in an upper position in the portion for near vision on the principal meridional curve, decreased toward a periphery of the portion for near vision along the principal meridional curve, substantially satisfy condition .rho.m=.rho.

Abstract: An electroreheological field comprising a dielectric particle as the dispersed phase, an insulating oil as the dispersing medium, and an additive, the additive being substantially insoluble in the dipersing medium, and being a composite containing a polysiloxane-containing structural unit (A), and at least one dispersed phase absorbing chain-containing structural unit (B) selected from the group consisting of an alkylene oxide chain-containing structural unit (B-1), a nitrogen atom chain-containing structural unit (B-2), and a long hydrocarbon chain-containing structural unit (B-3).