Abstract: A hydrogen gas sensor capable of accurately measuring hydrogen concentration of a measurement gas atmosphere in the presence of a variety of interfering gasses such as H2O and CO. In the hydrogen gas sensor, the flow sectional area of a diffusion-rate limiting portion 6 is rendered small; the electrode surfaces of first and second electrodes 3 and 4 are rendered large; and/or a solution containing a polymer electrolyte which may be identical to that of a proton-conductive layer 2 is applied onto the surfaces of the first and second electrodes 3 and 4 to thereby form a layer containing the polymer electrolyte. Thus, the rate of conduction of protons from the first electrode 3 to the second electrode 4 becomes greater than the rate at which protons are derived from hydrogen which is introduced onto the first electrode 3 via the diffusion-rate limiting portion 6.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a gas sensor, including a substrate electrode layer forming step, and a surface electrode layer forming step. The gas sensor includes first and second processing spaces, an oxygen concentration detection element, an oxygen pumping element, an oxidation catalyst and a combustible gas component concentration detection element.

Abstract: This invention provides a gas sensor including a proton-conductive polymer electrolyte layer and a method for measuring gas concentration, that are capable of measuring gas concentration at high accuracy nothwithstanding the presence of water vapor.

Abstract: A device and method for measuring combustible-gas concentration and a device and method for measuring hydrocarbon-gas concentration, which exhibit low dependence on oxygen concentration variations as well as low temperature dependence. Paste is applied to the inner surface of a closed-bottom cylindrical solid electrolyte element, thereby forming a layer serving as a reference electrode. Plating with platinum is performed, so as to form a layer serving as a first detection electrode, on the outer surface of the solid electrolyte element only at a portion extending from an end portion of the solid electrolyte element to the vicinity of the interface between a heating resistor and a heating-resistor lead portion, which are formed within a heater element contained in the cylindrical solid electrolyte element. Paste which contains gold powder and 10 parts of indium oxide is applied onto the platinum-plating layer so as to form a layer serving as a second detection electrode, followed by firing.

Abstract: A hydrogen sensor includes a first electrode 3 and a second electrode 4 provided in contact with a proton conduction layer 2; a gas diffusion controlling portion 6 provided between a measurement gas atmosphere and the first electrode 3; and a support element (1a, 1b) for supporting the proton conduction layer 6, the first electrode 3, the second electrode 4, and the gas diffusion controlling portion 6. Hydrogen contained in a measurement gas introduced via the gas diffusion controlling portion 6 is dissociated, decomposed, or reacted by applying a voltage between the first electrode 3 and the second electrode 4 to thereby generate protons. Hydrogen concentration is obtained on the basis of a limiting current generated as a result of the generated protons being pumped out via the proton conduction layer 2 from the first electrode 3 side of the proton conduction layer to the second electrode 4 side of the proton conduction layer.

Abstract: A developing device of monocomponent development system for developing a latent image formed on an image bearing member according to the present invention includes a toner carrying member disposed opposite the image bearing member via a gap of 50 to 250 &mgr;m therebetween, and including a conductive substrate and an elastic layer having a rubber hardness of not more than 70 degrees and a thickness in the range of 7 to 50 &mgr;m, and a regulating member pressed against a surface of the toner carrying member for regulating the amount of toner on the toner carrying member.

Abstract: A CO sensor and a CO-concentration measurement method which enables accurate measurement of CO concentration irrespective of the hydrogen concentration of a gas under measurement. By applying a first predetermined voltage between first and second electrodes 7 and 8, hydrogen contained in a gas under measurement which has been introduced into a first measurement space 2 via a first diffusion-controlling section 1 dissociates, decomposes, or reacts with another element to generate protons. The thus-generated protons are transported from the first electrode 7 to the second electrode 8 via a first proton-conductive layer 5 or protons are transported from the second electrode 8 to the first electrode 7 via the first proton-conductive layer 5 (when the hydrogen concentration of the measurement gas is extremely low), so that the hydrogen concentration within the first measurement space 2 is controlled to a constant level.

Abstract: A motion detecting unit detects a motion of an operation indication outputting device. A motion analyzing unit analyzes a direction, strength, and number of occurrence of the detected motion. A user action analyzing unit analyzes a type of a user's action by obtaining a frequency distribution from the detected motion. An operation determining unit includes a storing unit which stores operation indications that each correspond to a type of the user's action and a direction and other attributes of a motion of the operation indication outputting device caused by the user's action, and outputs an operation indication corresponding to the analysis results by the motion analyzing unit and user action analyzing unit to an information processing apparatus.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a gas sensor, including a substrate electrode layer forming step, and a surface electrode layer forming step. The gas sensor includes first and second processing spaces, an oxygen concentration detection element, an oxygen pumping element, an oxidation catalyst and a combustible gas component concentration detection element.

Abstract: A gas sensor which can detect the concentration of a combustible gas component in a measurement gas with high accuracy even when the oxygen concentration of the measurement gas or the element temperature changes and which has an excellent response in detecting the combustible gas component is disclosed. In a gas sensor 1, the oxygen concentration of a measurement gas is adjusted to a predetermined level within a first processing space 9 through operation of a first oxygen pump element 3. The measurement gas having an adjusted oxygen concentration is then introduced into a second processing space 10, where a combustible gas component is burned through the assistance of electrodes 16 and 17 functioning as oxidation catalyst sections. Constant voltage is applied to a combustible gas component concentration detection element 5.

Abstract: Disclosed is an LaGaO3 sintered body which comprises lanthanum, gallium, oxygen and at least one of other elements, and has at least three crystal phases of different composition formula.

Abstract: A gas sensor comprising a proton-conductive layer 5 formed of a polymer electrolyte; first and second electrodes 3 and 4 disposed in contact with the proton-conductive layer 5 and having a function of dissociating hydrogen; a gas-diffusion-rate limiting layer 2 disposed between a measurement gas atmosphere and the first electrode 3 and adapted to diffuse the gas under measurement to the first electrode 3 in a diffusion-rate limited state; and a dense support 1 supporting these elements. Hydrogen gas having reached the first electrode 3 via the gas-diffusion-rate limiting layer 2 is dissociated into protons by virtue of the catalytic action of Pt contained in the electrode and the voltage applied to the first electrode 3, and the generated protons are pumped to the second electrode 4 via the proton-conductive layer 5 and are converted to hydrogen gas, which diffuses into the measurement gas atmosphere.

Abstract: A gas sensor includes a first processing chamber 3 into which a gas under measurement is introduced through a first gas passage 2; a second processing chamber 5 into which the gas is introduced from the first processing chamber 3 through a second gas passage 4 and in which combustible gas components burn; a third gas passage 15 for introducing O2 into the second processing chamber 5 under diffusion resistance; oxygen pump element 12 adapted to pump out O2 from or pump into the first processing chamber 3 on the basis of an output from an oxygen-concentration sensor 13, which senses the oxygen concentration of the gas introduced into the second processing chamber 5, to thereby control the oxygen concentration of the gas; and a second oxygen pump including a second inner electrode 10 and a second outer electrode 11 formed on an oxygen-ion conductor 1 in such a manner as to face the interior and exterior, respectively, of the second processing chamber 5, and adapted to pump out O2 which remains unconsumed in burn

Abstract: The gas sensor 1 has the following constituent features: (1) first processing space 9: a measurement gas is introduced thereinto via a first gas passage 11; (2) second processing space 10: a gas contained in the first processing space 9 is introduced thereinto via a second gas passage 13; (3) oxygen concentration detection element 4: adapted to measure the oxygen concentration of a gas contained in the first processing space 9; (4) oxygen pumping element 3: adapted to reduce the oxygen concentration of the measurement gas introduced into the first processing space 9 within a range such that water vapor contained in the measurement gas is not substantially decomposed; (5) oxidation catalyst section 16: adapted to accelerate combustion of a combustible gas component contained in a gas introduced into the second processing space 10; and (6) combustible gas component concentration detection element 5: a constant voltage is applied thereto, and element 5 has an output current which varies according to the amount o

Abstract: A gas sensor 1 including a first processing space 9; a first gas passage 11; a second processing space 10; a second gas passage 13; an oxygen concentration detection element 4; a first oxygen pumping element 3 adapted to reduce the oxygen concentration of exhaust gas introduced into the first processing space 9 within a range such that a water vapor contained in the measurement gas is not substantially decomposed; an oxygen catalyst section 16; and a combustible gas component concentration information generation/output section 5. Also disclosed is a gas sensor system including the above gas sensor and first oxygen pumping operation control means for adjusting the oxygen concentration of the measurement gas introduced into the first processing space within a range such that water vapor contained in the measuring gas is not substantially decomposed.

Abstract: The present invention provides an apparatus for measuring the concentration of a constituent to be detected in exhaust gas, which apparatus is capable of detecting with a high accuracy the concentration of the constituent to be detected in exhaust gas even though oxygen concentration in the exhaust gas varies. In an exhaust gas sensor 1 for use in the measuring apparatus, exhaust gas is introduced into spaces 15, 16 on both sides of an oxygen concentration cell element 4, and the oxidation catalyst activities of first to third electrodes 11 to 13 are adjusted so that there occurs a difference between the space 15 and the space 16 in consumption of the constituent to be detected, which consumption is caused by the oxidation of the constituent. Thus a concentration cell electromotive force is generated in the oxygen concentration cell element 4, and an oxygen pump element 3 pumps oxygen into or out of the space 15 so that the electromotive force is held at an target value EC not more than 10 mV.

Abstract: A development device according to the invention has an arrangement wherein a developer carrying member holding a toner thereon and an image bearing member with an electrostatic latent image formed thereon oppose each other across a predetermined gap therebetween, and a power unit applies an alternating voltage to the gap for supplying the toner from the developer carrying member to the image bearing member, the development device satisfying any one the following conditions: ##EQU1## where a (.OMEGA.) denotes a resistance component of an impedance (a+b.multidot.i) of the developer carrying member, -b (.OMEGA.) denotes a capacitative reactance component of the impedance thereof, and f (Hz) denotes a frequency of the alternating voltage.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an exhaust gas sensor which comprises an oxygen pump cell made of solid electrolyte having an oxygen ion conductivity, an oxygen sensor cell made of solid electrolyte having an oxygen ion conductivity and disposed in opposition to the pump cell in such a manner as to define therebetween a detection space, and a semiconductor detection element made of oxide semiconductor and disposed in the detection space for detecting a predetermined detected substance in the exhaust gas introduced to the detection space. The concentration of oxygen in the detection space is regulated so as to be included within a predetermined range through control of charge or discharge of oxygen into or from the detection space by means of the oxygen pump cell on the basis of the concentration of oxygen in the exhaust gas, which is detected by the oxygen sensor cell.

Abstract: There is described a gas-component concentration sensor, a method of using the sensor, and a method of manufacturing a particular electrode of the sensor, wherein the sensor comprises:a first measurement chamber, an oxygen partial-pressure detection electrode in the first measurement chamber, a first oxygen-ion pump cell within and outside the first measurement such that in response to a voltage applied between the pair electrodes the cell pumps out oxygen to an extent such that a gas component such as NO.sub.x partially decomposes in said first measurement chamber in an amount of not more than 40 wt.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus for making tone reproductions using a variable area toning method. In addition to an image carrying member, on which a latent image is formed, and a developer, to develop a formed latent image, the apparatus is characterized by having a subsystem to form a plurality of first latent images having different dot area indexes, a subsystem to form a plurality of second latent images having different resolutions, first and second detector systems to respectively detect the image characteristics of the first and second latent images, and first and second correction subsystems to correct development conditions in accordance with respective outputs from the first and second detector systems.