Abstract: Methods, systems, and compounds for detecting modified nucleic acid bases are disclosed and described. The methods provide for detecting a nucleic acid lesion and can include directing a nucleic acid adduct into a channel, wherein the nucleic acid adduct includes a nucleic acid having a lesion and a current modulating compound coupled to the nucleic acid at the lesion (110), and measuring a change in current through the channel in response to the current modulating compound to detect the lesion (112). The method can optionally include forming the nucleic acid adduct. Also provided is a method for identifying the number of repeat nucleotides in at least a portion of a nucleic acid strand, a method of assigning a registration marker within a nucleic acid, and a method of obtaining sequence information from a nucleic acid comprising assigning a registration marker on the nucleic acid.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and compounds for detecting modified nucleic acid bases are disclosed and described. The methods provide for detecting a nucleic acid lesion and can include directing a nucleic acid adduct into a channel, wherein the nucleic acid adduct includes a nucleic acid having a lesion and a current modulating compound coupled to the nucleic acid at the lesion (110), and measuring a change in current through the channel in response to the current modulating compound to detect the lesion (112). The method can optionally include forming the nucleic acid adduct. Also provided is a method for identifying the number of repeat nucleotides in at least a portion of a nucleic acid strand, a method of assigning a registration marker within a nucleic acid, and a method of obtaining sequence information from a nucleic acid comprising assigning a registration marker on the nucleic acid.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and compounds for detecting modified nucleic acid bases are disclosed and described. The methods provide for detecting a nucleic acid lesion and can include directing a nucleic acid adduct into a channel, wherein the nucleic acid adduct includes a nucleic acid having a lesion and a current modulating compound coupled to the nucleic acid at the lesion (110), and measuring a change in current through the channel in response to the current modulating compound to detect the lesion (112). The method can optionally include forming the nucleic acid adduct. Also provided is a method for identifying the number of repeat nucleotides in at least a portion of a nucleic acid strand, a method of assigning a registration marker within a nucleic acid, and a method of obtaining sequence information from a nucleic acid comprising assigning a registration marker on the nucleic acid.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and compounds for detecting modified nucleic acid bases are disclosed and described. The methods provide for detecting a nucleic acid lesion and can include directing a nucleic acid adduct into a channel, wherein the nucleic acid adduct includes a nucleic acid having a lesion and a current modulating compound coupled to the nucleic acid at the lesion (110), and measuring a change in current through the channel in response to the current modulating compound to detect the lesion (112). The method can optionally include forming the nucleic acid adduct. Also provided is a method for identifying the number of repeat nucleotides in at least a portion of a nucleic acid strand, a method of assigning a registration marker within a nucleic acid, and a method of obtaining sequence information from a nucleic acid comprising assigning a registration marker on the nucleic acid.

Abstract: An electrolyte composition is in solid form, and includes a polymer compound containing a cation structure selected from a group consisting of ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium structures in either the principal chain or a side chain of the polymer, and a halide ion and/or a polyhalide as a counter anion.

Abstract: An electrolyte composition is in solid form, and includes a polymer compound containing a cation structure selected from a group consisting of ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium structures in either the principal chain or a side chain of the polymer, and a halide ion and/or a polyhalide as a counter anion.

Abstract: An electrolyte composition containing an ionic liquid having dicyanoamide anions as anions. Examples of cations of the ionic liquid, may include, for example, cations having a quaternized nitrogen atom. This electrolyte composition may contain a halogen-based oxidized/reduced pair. This electrolyte composition is used as an electrolyte of a photoelectric conversion element.

Abstract: An electrolyte composition is in solid form, and includes a polymer compound containing a cation structure selected from a group consisting of ammonium, phosphonium and sulfonium structures in either the principal chain or a side chain of the polymer, and a halide ion and/or a polyhalide as a counter anion.

Abstract: In a case where minute dirt is lain between light source and an original, since the light source moves in case of the fixing original reading which is an original reading system of reading an original image by fixing the original, the dirt is momently lighted by the light source and influence by the dirt for the read image is appeared in sight by only a minute dot. However, in case of the shifting original reading of reading the original image by shifting the original, since the relationship between the light source and the dirt is in a fixed state, the light source is always to light the dirt and the influence by the dirt for the read image is appeared in sight by a line or a plane. Therefore, in the present invention, edge emphasis degree of edge emphasis processing for the read image data is varied in accordance with a fact that the original reading system is the fixing original reading or the shifting original reading. Accordingly, the influence by the dirt in the shifting original reading can be reduced.

Abstract: A developing device has a structure in which a toner is supplied from a toner supplying container to a first toner container by a toner supplying device and also the toner is conveyed from the first toner container to a second toner container by a toner conveying member disposed so as to lie in the space between the first and second toner containers. Thus, the developing device has a reduced size and also stably supplies the toner to two developing rollers corresponding to the first and second toner containers.

Abstract: A developing device has a structure in which a toner is supplied from a toner supplying container to a first toner container by a toner supplying device and also the toner is conveyed from the first toner container to a second toner container by a toner conveying member disposed so as to lie in the space between the first and second toner containers. Thus, the developing device has a reduced size and also stably supplies the toner to two developing rollers corresponding to the first and second toner containers.

Abstract: A developing device in which, by switching the direction of rotation of a magnet roller disposed near developer receiving openings of respective first and second containers, a developer is selectively supplied to either the first container or the second container. This makes it possible to reduce the developing device and to stably supply the developer to the first and second containers.

Abstract: In a case where minute dirt is lain between light source and an original, since the light source moves in case of the fixing original reading which is an original reading system of reading an original image by fixing the original, the dirt is momently lighted by the light source and influence by the dirt for the read image is appeared in sight by only a minute dot. However, in case of the shifting original reading of reading the original image by shifting the original, since the relationship between the light source and the dirt is in a fixed state, the light source is always to light the dirt and the influence by the dirt for the read image is appeared in sight by a line or a plane. Therefore, in the present invention, edge emphasis degree of edge emphasis processing for the read image data is varied in accordance with a fact that the original reading system is the fixing original reading or the shifting original reading. Accordingly, the influence by the dirt in the shifting original reading can be reduced.

Abstract: Disclosed is an anti-lock control apparatus for an air over hydraulic brake system having a first air pressure line leading from a brake valve to an air master cylinder as well as a second air pressure line branching from the first air pressure line and leading to a modulator. The second air pressure line is provided with an exhaust-side check value for exhausting air from a pneumatic chamber of the modulator and an air-supply side check valve for supplying air to the pneumatic chamber. The pneumatic chamber of the modulator and the second air pressure line are adapted to hold residual pressure, thereby increasing the rising gate of the braking hydraulic pressure during braking and the falling rate of the braking hydraulic pressure during release of braking, and reducing the amount of air consumed.