Abstract: A pair of support sections arranged with a space for placing a sample, a frame supported by the pair of support sections, an irradiation section movably connected to the frame for irradiating radiation, and a detection section movably connected to the frame for detecting radiation scattered by the sample are comprised on a same plane, and the irradiation section and the detection section are movable on the same plane with respect to the frame. Thus, using a space formed between the pair of support sections, it is possible to measure a large sample in a wide range of diffraction angles. Therefore, it is easy to measure the diffraction of the low angle side. Further, since each part is movable on the same plane, it is easy to arrange the parts.

Abstract: A metal shell is composed of a trunk portion and a pair of reinforcing portions provided at opening ends of the trunk portion. The trunk portion is formed of a metallic cylinder, the reinforcing portion is formed of a metallic ring having the same diameter as that of the cylinder, and the ring is joined to at least an opening end of the cylinder.

Abstract: A metal shell is composed of a trunk portion and a pair of reinforcing portions provided at opening ends of the trunk portion. The trunk portion is formed of a metallic cylinder, the reinforcing portion is formed of a metallic ring having the same diameter as that of the cylinder, and the ring is joined to at least an opening end of the cylinder.

Abstract: A heat exchange unit and a heat exchanger having simple structures which can be manufactured at low cost are provided. The capacity and efficiency of the heat exchanger can be set in accordance with conditions. Heat exchanger tubes 2 and 4 are coiled with predetermined gaps to form heat exchange unit elements A and B, respectively. The elements A and B are shifted from each other so that the tubes 2 and 4 do not overlap each other. The elements A and B are connected to each other with a connection pipe 6 at inner ends thereof Fluid enters the element A from an inlet header 12, flows into the element B through the connection pipe 6 at the center of element A, and then flows out of the element B through an outlet header 14. Heat is collected during this time.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a cathodluminescent apparatus, which is capable of adjusting brightness and which is less expensive and economical, and a phosphor powder for the same. The apparatus comprises: a line electron gun having a line cathode and an intermediate electrode, which is capable of extracting electrons from the line cathode, of linearly focusing electrons extracted and of reciprocatively scanning electrons focused; an anode for accelerating electrons emitted from the line electron gun, the anode having an electric conductive section formed on a substrate; a phosphor screen being made of phosphor particles on the electric conductive section; and a container being evacuated to a vacuum for cathodluminescence. The phosphor powder suitably used for the above-described cathodluminescent apparatus should be composed of primary particles of Y.sub.2 O.sub.2 S polycrystal which are almost spherical with their surfaces formed rough.