Abstract: A method of detecting and correcting errors that occurs while digital signals are transmitted in series. In this method, in a processing unit of a transmitter, n addresses (ad) are allocated to respective n digital signals. Using these addresses (ad), bits of the digital signals are picked out, a plurality of bit strings (g) are created by combining information bits and check bits of the selected bits, and the plurality of bit strings (g) thus created are subjected to parity checks to determine the value of the check bits of the digital signals. A transmission code (1) thus created are transmitted to a receiver.In the processing unit of the receiver, the plurality of bit strings (g) are created from the signal received. The plurality of bit strings (g) thus created are subjected to parity checks to detect and correct errors in the transmission code (1).

Abstract: Writing means using volatile ink, aqueous ink or the like writing comprises: a cylindrical body; a writing unit disposed at the lower surface of the body; and a cylindrical closing member rotatably and vertically movably attached to the lower end of the body. The writing unit includes an ink tank and a pen tip attached to the ink tank. The closing member is provided at the lower surface thereof with a cap unit for hermetically covering the pen tip and with a through-hole in which the pen tip is vertically movable. The rotation and vertical movement of the closing member with respect to the body selectively provides two states, i.e., one state where the pen tip is hermetically covered with the cap unit, and the other state where the pen tip projects from the pen-tip hole. Thus, according to the writing means of the present invention, the manipulation is simple, and there is no possibility that the ink is erroneously evaporated or the cap is lost.

Abstract: A method for detecting and correcting an error that has occurred in a digital computer, comprises the steps of: counting the number of mark bits in each predetermined area of each of component units constituting data, each of the component units being expected to be represented by one of reference representations; detecting the occurrence of an error in the area when the count value is not identical with any of preset reference values in the corresponding areas; and correcting the component unit of the data in which the error has been detected, by a reference representation having a reference value in the corresponding area which is the closest to the count value.