Abstract: A heater for an exhaust system that includes a housing having a connector coupled to the exterior thereof, a first terminal and a second terminal that are each disposed to the interior of the housing and electrically coupled to the connector, a heating element coupled to the first and second terminals, a heating wire coupled to the first and second terminals, and a plurality of heating rods inserted into the heating element to conduct heat from the heating wire throughout the heating element, wherein the connector receives power from an external power supply to supply electrical current to the heating element and the heating wire and wherein at least one of the heating rods supports the heating wire. The combination of elements are configured to heat and disrupt the flow of exhaust gases and aid in removing and/or reducing toxic gases and pollutants from the exhaust system.

Abstract: An energy storage device comprising an electrode having a borophene layer, which includes borophene particles and an ionic liquid, the energy storage device providing high capacity, fast charging, light weight, and long shelf life, and a method of manufacturing the energy storage device.

Abstract: A heater for an exhaust system that includes a housing having a connector coupled to the exterior thereof, a first terminal and a second terminal that are each disposed to the interior of the housing and electrically coupled to the connector, a heating element coupled to the first and second terminals, a heating wire coupled to the first and second terminals, and a plurality of heating rods inserted into the heating element to conduct heat from the heating wire throughout the heating element, wherein the connector receives power from an external power supply to supply electrical current to the heating element and the heating wire and wherein at least one of the heating rods supports the heating wire. The combination of elements are configured to heat and disrupt the flow of exhaust gases and aid in removing and/or reducing toxic gases and pollutants from the exhaust system.

Abstract: A heater for an exhaust system that includes a housing having a connector coupled to the exterior thereof, a first terminal and a second terminal that are each disposed to the interior of the housing and electrically coupled to the connector, a heating element coupled to the first and second terminals, a heating wire coupled to the first and second terminals, and a plurality of heating rods inserted into the heating element to conduct heat from the heating wire throughout the heating element, wherein the connector receives power from an external power supply to supply electrical current to the heating element and the heating wire and wherein at least one of the heating rods supports the heating wire. The combination of elements are configured to heat and disrupt the flow of exhaust gases and aid in removing and/or reducing toxic gases and pollutants from the exhaust system.

Abstract: A catalytic converter includes at least one heating element that is configured to disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: A catalytic converter includes at least one heating element that is configured to disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: A catalytic converter includes at least one heating element that is configured to disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: An exhaust system that includes a catalytic converter, selective catalytic reduction system, a muffler and, for certain applications, a diesel particulate filter that each include at least one filter that has an electric heating element, a metallic coating and a plurality of metal rods extending therethrough. The combination of elements are configured to heat the internal housings of the exhaust system and disrupt the direction of flow of exhaust gases which contain harmful toxic gases and pollutants and aid in removing and/or reducing said toxic gases and pollutants.

Abstract: A filter for removing pollutants from gases, particularly exhaust gases, includes a plurality of paths for the gases to flow through and a source of magnetic field arranged to apply the magnetic field to the gases. Optionally, one or more heaters are also provide to raise the temperature of the gases to a predetermined temperature. As the hot gases through the passageway and the magnetic field, pollutants contained therein are effectively burned or otherwise removed from the gases.

Abstract: A bottle having a container and a specially formed neck having a flange with downwardly sloping portion and which is spaced from the container to create a recess between the flange and the container. The bottle cap has an inner shell and an outer shell. A sealing surface moves longitudinally within the inner shell. The outer shell is preferably flexible and has prongs facing inwardly to move outwardly when the outer shell is compressed by a person's fingers. Other embodiments lack a separate inner shell and employ different operation of the prongs to retain the cap. In one case, rotation of the cap brings these prongs beneath a set of blind slots which engage the prongs and restrain their upward motion. Another embodiment allows the prongs to pass through slots to engage the underside of the flange. Further embodiments have a pressure release buttons built into the cap and a protective cap placed over the outer cap.

Abstract: A device for pre-conditioning fuel before it enters either an internal combustion chamber or a furnace employs appropriate arrangements of magnets and a heat exchanger. The in-line fuel conditioning apparatus comprises a cylindrical fuel impervious container and a temperature control flow line that passes through the cylinder. While passing through the container the fuel contacts a magnetic field generated by a series of magnets (preferably and even number of pairs) arranged so that pole pieces having the same polarity (i.e. N or S) face each other, while adjacent pole pieces have opposite polarities. A gap separates the poles pieces of each pair and the fuel flows through this gap. Alternative embodiments are concerned with different configurations for bringing together the fuel, the magnets and the coolant during the transport of the fuel to the combustion region.

Abstract: A container closure, having a fluid applicator such as a brush or dropper, that fits over the container secured by a spring clip. The neck of the bottle ends in a seal seated on oil based paper, which is itself seated on a rubber or plastic ring. A slight bulge just below the neck acts as a catch. In use the cap has levers with protrusions that slide down over the bulge and hook into place, under the bulge. The cap opens only when pressed on both sides at the same time; otherwise the bottom of the spring clip is held in place by the bulge. By pressing both sides at once, the cap can slip over the bulge and off the bottle. The double press spring clip cap has the additional value of being child proof. The liner of the bottle, (or possibly the bottle itself if desired) is in the shape of the letter V. The V shape means that when the bottle is upright, the fluid will collect in the bottom of the V and be accessible and usable until the last drop is consumed.