Abstract: A method of sequestering anions from a liquid including the anions includes contacting a composition comprising at least one macrocyclic moiety with the liquid. The macrocyclic moiety includes groups including an electropositive E-H bond donor extending into a cavity of the macrocyclic moiety wherein E is selected from the group consisting of C, N, and O, wherein two or more groups including an electropositive E-H donor interact with an anion to form a chelate with the anion.

Abstract: A method of creating a tubular compound includes providing an end cap including a macrocycle that is sufficiently rigid that it presents a plurality of functional groups oriented axially on or extending axially from a first axial side of the end cap, creating a tubular wall from a plurality of reactive compounds which is covalently attached to the end cap via reaction of the plurality of functional groups extending from the first axial side of the end cap, the tubular wall extending axially from the first axial side end cap, and performing at least one equatorial cyclization reaction axially distant from the end cap which includes covalent bonding of residues of a group of the plurality of reactive compounds used in forming the tubular wall.