Abstract: A route selection method includes the steps of hierarchically dividing voice gateways, allocating necessary information for a route selection to the respective voice gateways, controlling an originating voice gateway to transmit a destination inquiring message to a destination voice gateway via other gateways, and controlling the destination voice gateway to transmit a destination determination message to the originating voice gateway.

Abstract: A substrate treatment apparatus comprising: a pretreatment section for bombarding liquid droplets against a surface of a substrate, the liquid droplets being generated by mixing a pretreatment liquid comprising ammonia and an oxidizing agent with a gas; and an etching liquid supplying section for supplying an etching liquid onto the substrate surface. The oxidizing agent is, for example, hydrogen peroxide. The pretreatment section may comprise a bi-fluid nozzle which generates the droplets of the pretreatment liquid and ejects the liquid droplets onto the substrate surface.

Abstract: A powdery detergent composition having a high detergency and an excellent storage stability (caking resistance), and comprising (a) a chelating agent composed of a compound having an average degree of neutralization in a molecule of 20 to 70%, a molecular weight of 600 or less, the number of carboxyl groups contained in one molecule of 3 to 5, and a constant of a chelating stability with Ca2+ of 6 to 13, (b) an alkali agent composed of a compound a 0.1% by weight aqueous solution or dispersion of which has the maximum pH of 10 or more at 20° C., at least 5 ml of 0.1 N HCl aqueous solution being required to adjust 1 liter of the aqueous solution or the dispersion to pH 9, and (c) a surfactant at specific ratios, respectively.