Abstract: A harness indicator is highly reactive to a trace amount of Ca2+, and is slow to degrade in a high temperature environment of greater than 50° C. In one embodiment, the hardness indicator contains EBT, a pH buffer, and a masking agent as main components, and an admixture of Mg-EDTA. In another embodiment, the hardness indicator contains EBT, a pH buffer, and a masking agent as main components, and an admixture of anhydrous Mg-EDTA. In another embodiment, the hardness indicator contains EBT, a pH buffer, and a masking agent as main components, and an admixture of anhydrous Mg-EDTA and potassium sorbate. In a further embodiment, the hardness indicator contains EBT, a pH buffer, and a masking agent as main components, and an admixture of Mg-EDTA and potassium sorbate. In a further embodiment, the hardness indicator contains EBT, a pH buffer, and a masking agent as main components, and an admixture of potassium sorbate.

Abstract: A thin film transistor where source and drain electrodes are film laminates including at least two layers. A first layer film of the laminate, which is formed to a thickness of 10 to 700 .ANG. is in ohmic contact with underlying semiconductor film. A second layer film, formed on the first layer film has a thickness of more than about 2000 .ANG. and is a material having a sufficient adhesion strength even when formed at a temperature which is less than the temperature corresponding to the materials vapor pressure. Further, the materials used for the source and drain electrodes can be formed into thin films by ordinary sputtering or vacuum deposition techniques, low in cost, and readily available.

Abstract: A liquid feeding apparatus quantitatively feeds a liquid by pressing and clogging an elastic tube between a press roller and an arc-shaped guide portion through rotational motion of the press roller. The liquid feeding apparatus includes a main unit in which the press roller is provided, and a liquid cassette which accommodates a liquid cartridge. One end of the elastic tube is connected to a reservoir for the liquid to be fed, and the other end is connected to a check valve. The liquid cassette is removably fitted to the liquid feeding apparatus so that the elastic tube is subject to pressing action of the press roller.

Abstract: A thin film transistor comprising a substrate having source and drain electrodes formed thereon, a semiconductor layer making contact in part with the source electrode and in part with the drain electrode, a gate electrode, and a gate insulating layer positioned between the semiconductor layer and the gate electrode is disclosed. A portion of the drain electrode is held in overlapping relation to a portion of the gate electrode while a portion of the source electrode is spaced apart from said gate electrode.

Abstract: A thin film transistor comprises a substrate, a gate electrode, a drain electrode, a source electrode, an insulative layer, and a semiconductor layer for the purpose of switching display signals to be applied to at least one display element of a display device. Preferably, the thin film transistor is mounted on the same substrate on which the display element is mounted. The selected material for the display element electrode is identical to at least one selected from the gate electrode, the source electrode, and the drain electrode. In another aspect of the present invention neither the gate electrode nor the insulating layer overlap either of the drain electrode or the source electrode. A resistance value of the semiconductor layer between the source and the drain electrodes is considerably less than the resistance value of the semiconductor channel layer controlled by the gate electrode. For this purpose, at least one of the width, thickness, and impurity concentration is varied therebetween.

Abstract: An electro-chromic display in which the outer frame of the display cell confining an electrolyte is defined by a pair of oppositely disposed substrates, the peripheral edges of the substrates being joined sealingly to each other with an addition reaction type silicone resin adhesive containing fine powder of an inorganic substance such as aluminum, alumina, titanium oxide, silicon oxide or boron nitride which prevents decrease of said electrolyte.

Abstract: Electrochromic display device in which a display electrode is formed by depositing electrochromic material to a required configuration on a transparent conductive film comprising a portion contacted by the electrochromic material and a portion constituting a lead extension for connection to an external circuit, and both the conductive film lead extension and electrochromic material are covered by a layer of material which permits passage of ions between an electrolyte and the electrochromic material but is an insulator with respect to electrons, and thus colored display may be effected in a required manner but damage of the conductive film is prevented.

Abstract: An electrochromic display comprises an electrochromic material held in two electrode carrying substrates to manifest reversible variations in the light absorption properties upon application of a predetermined voltage to the electrodes. At least one of the two substrates is dish shaped to accurately determine the distance between the electrodes formed on the two substrates. In a preferred form, grooves are formed at the periphery, or, the raised portion of the dish shaped substrate into which conductive material is introduced to facilitate the electrical connection between the dish shaped substrate and the counter substrate, whereby terminals for the dish shaped substrate are formed on the counter substrate. Another groove is formed at the periphery, or, the raised portion of the dish shaped substrate, through which an electrolyte is impregnated into the cavity defined by the two substrates.

Abstract: A porous separator is provided with an electrochromic display for containing an electrolyte, whereby a display electrode is continuously, electrically rotated to a counter electrode through the electrolyte. A filter separator is further provided together with the porous separator for urging the porous separator toward the display electrode and itself toward the counter electrode because of the elastic characteristic thereof. The filter separator can also contain the electrolyte. The porous separator provides a white background for the display electrode. The remaining electrolyte, except for the electrolyte in both the porous and the filter separators, is eliminated from the electrochromic display to provide a cavity within the electrolyte for cancelling the cubic expansion of the electrolyte when temperature rises. This cubic expansion cancelling cavity may be formed by injecting a bubble into the electrolyte.

Abstract: In an electrochromic display device including an electro-chromic layer comprising a film made of amorphous tungsten oxide (WO.sub.3), the device is fabricated under the ambience of both a relative humidity below 60% and an absolute humidity below 1.17.times.10.sup.-2 Kg/Kg to assure electro-optical properties of the electrochromic display device.

Abstract: An electrochromic display disclosed herein is compatible with diversification of information to be displayed. A background plate bears a stationary display pattern printed thereon. An electrochromic phenomenon takes place between a pair of electrodes in association with the stationary display pattern.

Abstract: An electrochromic display comprising a display electrode and a counter electrode which form a cavity therebetween like a sandwich, the former consisting of a transparent conductive coating and a layer of transition metal oxide which varies reversibly in the light absorption spectrum upon application of current and the latter consisting of a conductive coating and a reversible charge exchange system. An electrolyte is injected into the cavity. A porous ceramics plate is positioned in contact with the display electrode and the counter electrode. This application is a continuation of copending application Ser. No. 760,521, filed on Jan. 19, 1977, now abandoned.

Abstract: A driving technique is provided for an electro-optical display which includes an electrochromic material and a predetermined number of display electrodes, different combinations of the display electrodes defining different desired display patterns. The electrochromic phenomenon is developed within the electro-optical display upon a flow of current supplied through the display electrodes. In transition of a visual display from a specific display pattern to another, voltages are applied to only the one or more display electrodes which are not common to the two display patterns, while no voltages are applied to the one or more display electrodes common to the two display patterns. Applications of a coloration voltage to particular one or more display electrodes and a bleaching voltage to different one or more display electrodes in transition of a visual display are initiated at a same time to reduce the time period required to transcend from one visual display to another.

Abstract: For an electro-optical display having an electrochromic material provided with a redox pair and sandwiched between a pair of electrodes, a first potential more negative than the threshold potential is applied and a second potential more positive than the first potential but more negative than the threshold potential is thereafter applied in a write mode.

Abstract: A driving circuit is provided for an electro-optical display which includes an electrochromic material and a predetermined number of display segments, various combinations of the display segments defining different desired display patterns. The electrochromic phenomenon is developed within the electro-optical display upon a flow of current supplied through the display segments. The driving circuit is so constructed as to supply a predetermined amount of the flow of current to the display segments, of which the current value is changed in accordance with the number of the display segments which change their display states.

Abstract: A transparent insulating film having a low adsorption characteristic of organic elements such as silicon dioxide is formed on a glass substrate carrying transparent electrodes formed thereon. The surface of the transparent insulating film is rubbed to form micro-grooves aligned in a predetermined direction. Two glass substrates having internal surfaces carrying micro-grooves formed in the above-mentioned manner are spaced against and adhered to each other and sealed through the use of a glass frit or glass paste, between which liquid crystal compositions are filled.