Abstract: Provided are a method and a system, wherein optical beams of a plurality of wavelengths are directed through a plurality of optical devices, wherein waveguides comprising the optical devices have different fabrication errors, and wherein the waveguides have a plurality of waveguide lengths and a plurality of waveguide widths. Optical phase errors corresponding to the waveguides are measured by the optical devices. A determination is made of the components of the optical phase errors for the waveguides from the measured phase errors.

Abstract: Provided are a method and a system, wherein optical beams of a plurality of wavelengths are directed through a plurality of optical devices, wherein waveguides comprising the optical devices have different fabrication errors, and wherein the waveguides have a plurality of waveguide lengths and a plurality of waveguide widths. Optical phase errors corresponding to the waveguides are measured by the optical devices. A determination is made of the components of the optical phase errors for the waveguides from the measured phase errors.

Abstract: A stand-alone spacer for use in a flat-panel display includes a plurality of members being joined at a common axis. A first one of the members is a load-bearing member; a second one of the members is a stabilizing member. The load bearing member extends into the face plate and backplate of the display to provide standoff of mechanical forces. The load bearing member has an aspect ratio within the range of 2:1 to 20:1. The stand-alone spacer has a tipping angle within the range of 20 to 90 degrees so that, after placement on one of the display plates, the spacer is able to remain upright throughout the subsequent packaging and evacuation steps in the fabrication of the display.