Abstract: An optical switch plane with one or more switch layers, each layer with multiple switches is provided. In a data center, an optical circuit switch plane is added between the device plane and packet switch plane. Direct speed of light connections may be created between devices, the data center temporally shrunk, remote devices localized, elephant flows kept out of mouse switches, mouse switch spend reduced, stranded resources recovered, layer 1 reconfigured and optimized, bare metal bent, secure tunnels created, networks physically isolated, failure resiliency increased, and packet switch congestion avoided.

Abstract: A 3D free space mirrored optical cross connect switch has mirror arrays angled at twice the central incident angle. Path length variation and insertion loss variation are minimized between different switch ports. For each port, the incident angle may be selected to maximize the useful range of the mirror actuator.

Abstract: A system and method of liquid cooling equipment inherently incapable of leaking liquid into the equipment includes maintaining liquid coolant pressure in the vicinity of the equipment below atmospheric pressure. The system and method also includes coolant path defect detection and load balancing.