Abstract: System and methods for improving electronic currency and distributed ledger technologies to solve price and data manipulation, control vulnerabilities, off-chain dependencies and circulation problems of electronic currency is disclosed. More particularly, the present disclosure provides technical improvements to the substantiation, issuance and circulation of electronic currency including but not limited to, issuing electronic currency at the issuer's will in single blocks of varying amounts and attributes to be circulated, transferred and used for payment on a distributed ledger network. The electronic currency of an aspect of the present disclosure are a representation of financial instruments of the issuer with legally binding obligations and rights enforceable by at least one legal jurisdiction tokenized into units of electronic currency and used to make payments.