Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for concealing a subscription identifier. The subscription identifier may be padded with a random number of characters. The padding may use characters not usable for the subscription identifier. The padded subscription identifier may be encrypted and output, possibly with an indication of the padding method used and, in an embodiment, an indication of the number of padding characters. The subscription identifier may be a user identifier, e.g., in a 5G network in which a wireless transmit/receive unit can conceal its identifier.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses are described herein for paring an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) with a UAV-controller (UAV-C). For example, a UAV having a UAV wireless transmit/receive unit (UAV WTRU) may transmit, to an access and mobility management function (AMF), a non-access stratum (NAS) request message that includes a paring request indication and a UAV-controller (UAV-C) identification (UAV-C ID). The UAV-C ID may be carried in a paring request to an unmanned aerial system (UAS) service supplier (USS)/UAS traffic management (UTM) for paring authorization of the UAV with a UAV-C associated with the UAV-C ID. The UAV may receive, from the AMF, a NAS response message that includes an unmanned aerial system (UAS) identification (UAS ID) indicating that the UAV is paired with the UAV-C, wherein the UAS ID is assigned by the USS/UTM.

Abstract: A method for use in wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) which assesses both a first network and a second network to receive radio frames from each of the first network and the second network is disclosed. The method comprise: obtaining a first paging occasion (PO) as the first network's current PO and a second PO as the second network's current PO; determining whether there is a PO collision between the first PO and the second PO, on condition that there is the PO collision, selecting a network from the first network and the second network, and sending a request to the selected network; receiving, from the selected network, a collision avoidance parameter corresponding to the request; calculating a third PO for the selected network using the collision avoidance parameter, and using the third PO as the selected network's current PO.

Abstract: In an implementation, a second device, for example a second WTRU, may receive a Link Modification Request (LMR) message from a first device, for example a first WTRU, via a first relay. The LMR message may include one or more new MSBs for a new Key NR ProSe identifier (KNRP ID). The second WTRU may send a link modification accept (LMA) message to the first WTRU via the first relay. The LMA message may include one or more new LSBs for the new KNRP ID. The second WTRU may form the new KNRP ID by combining the one or more new MSBs with the one or more new LSBs and replacing an existing KNRP ID with the new KNRP ID. The second WTRU may also receive a direct connection request (DCR) message from the first WTRU via a second relay. The DCR message may include the new KNRP ID.

Abstract: Systems and methods for supporting multiple uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) Service Suppliers (multi-USS) are described. The methods may be performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) including a UAV application enabling (UAE) client located in the UAV with the method performed with the UAV in-flight. Steps may include: sending a registration request to a UAE server, the registration request including an indication of multi-USS capability; receiving a registration response message that includes an indication that the UAE server supports multi-USS capability; receiving a multi-USS configuration request that includes multi-USS configuration parameters related to conditions under which the UAE client may initiate a USS change and a list of allowed USSs; sending a multi-USS configuration response; and performing a multi-USS change and sending a multi-USS change notification based on the multi-USS configuration parameters.

Abstract: A system, method, and/or device for relay communications are provided. In some implementations, a method implemented by a WTRU may include sending a Link Modification Request (LMR) message to a second WTRU via a first relay, wherein the LMR message includes one or more new most significant bytes (MSBs) for a new Key NR ProSe identifier (KNRP ID), receiving a link modification accept (LMA) message from the second WTRU via a first relay, where the LMA message includes one or more new least significant bytes (LSBs) for the new KNRP ID, forming the new KNRP ID by combining the one or more new MSBs with the one or more new LSBs and replacing an existing KNRP ID with the new KNRP ID. The device may include sending a direct connection request (DCR) message to the second WTRU via a second relay, where the DCR message includes the new KNRP ID.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for power saving are described herein. A method performed by a remote wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may include receiving a broadcast message indicating a power saving capability, sending, to a relay WTRU, a request for direct communication, receiving an acknowledgement from the relay WTRU in response to the request for direct communication, and establishing a link to the relay WTRU based on the received acknowledgement. The method may further include sending, to the relay WTRU, a message for registration with a network, receiving, via the relay WTRU, a message from the network in response to the message for registration, sending, to the relay WTRU, a message indicating that a power saving feature is enabled, and adjusting parameters for power saving. The request for direct communication may include information indicating one or more power saving capabilities or power saving requirements of the remote WTRU.

Abstract: V2X Enhancements to support V2P communication are disclosed. In particular, Vehicle to Pedestrian Communications are provided. Methods and apparatus for direct link with a peer WTRU using a first key identifier of a root key are provided. In an embodiment, a method includes sending, by the initiating WTRU to the peer WTRU, a release request message to release the direct link with the peer WTRU, the release request message including information indicating first security information associated with a second key identifier of the root key. The method further includes receiving a response to the release request message including second security information associated with the second key identifier of the root key. The method also includes determining the second key identifier of the root key using the first security information and the second security information; and sending a message including information indicating the second key identifier of the root key.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) to determine slice availability in tracking areas (TAs) of a registration area (RA). In a representative example, the WTRU may use determined slice availability to detect changes in slice availability among different TAs. For example, the WTRU may move from a first TA of a RA where access to a first slice is unavailable to a second TA of the RA where access to the first slice is available. The WTRU may receive information during a registration procedure in the first TA that indicates the first slice is available in less than all TAs of the RA. Upon moving to the second TA, the WTRU may (e.g., again) perform a registration procedure in the second TA of the RA in order to access the first slice in the second TA.

Abstract: A method for UE-to-UE (U2U) relay discovery security is disclosed. The method may comprise provisioning an end-UE with security material for a direct discovery set and a U2U discovery message and provisioning a U2U relay with security material for the U2U discovery message. The security material for the direct discovery set may comprise at least one of: A ProSe restricted code, associated key material, or an indicator associated with a relay service code (RSC) that indicates whether the RSC supports per ProSe direct discovery set protection. The method may comprise sending, by the end-UE to the U2U relay, a direct connection request (DCR) message. The DCR message may comprise at least one of: an RSC, and end-UE User info identification (ID), or a ProSe restricted code. The method may comprise sending, by the end-UE, an indication for direct discovery set protection.

Abstract: In examples, the E2E link IDs may be isolated per-hop, so that changes of link IDs may not impact other E2E/per-hop links (e.g, a LIU procedure may only run between a WTRU and the relay), A relay may allocate R-specific security IDs/session key identifiers (e.g, MSBs/LSBs of Knrp-sess ID), The relay (e.g., relay WTRU) may replace the security IDs/session key identifiers received from peer WTRUs with R-specific security IDs/session key identifiers, for example, If forwarding a message. In examples, per-hop IDs and E2E IDs may be added to link identifier update messages, In examples, the support application layer ID and iP address/prefix may be changed using a link modification procedure (e.g.

Abstract: Cellular connectivity and quality of service (QOS) monitoring and prediction are provided for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication. A core network (CN) may select assisting UAVs for communication link monitoring according to a target UAV's flight route. The CN may receive the assisting UAV's monitoring report, which may be used to derive a communication link quality prediction for the target UAV's flight path. The target UAV may discover and select an adjacent pilot UAV, which flies ahead of the target UAV's trajectory. The target UAV may receive a monitoring report from the pilot UAV, which may be used to predict a communication link quality for the target UAV's flight path. An unmanned aerial system (CAS) network function (NF) may collect QOS monitoring information from other NFs for a predetermined/popular flight route. The UAS NF may provide a prediction to the USS (e.g., upon request).

Abstract: Methods, apparatus and systems are disclosed. One method may be implemented by a first Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU) having established an indirect link with a second WTRU. The method may include performing a Discovery procedure and detecting, based on a result of the performed Discovery procedure, that the second WTRU is directly reachable. The method may further include initiating establishment of a direct link, switching from the indirect link to the direct link and communicating, by the first WTRU with the second WTRU, using the established direct link after the switch.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein that are associated with providing access to a network (e.g., if access to a different network is lost, affected, etc.). A WTRU may act as a relay to another WTRU, For example, a first VVTRU may act as a relay WTRU (e.g., a VVTRU to network relay, such as a proximity services (ProSe) WTRU to network relay) towards a second WTRU (e.g., a remote WTRU). The first WTRU may provide discovery and/or connection establishment associated with the second WTRU accessing the network (e.g., if there is a service disruption to another network).

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses directed to non-access stratum procedures in connection with layer 2 relaying are provided. A method implemented in a first WTRU, may comprise: receiving, from a second WTRU, a first sidelink transmission comprising a first information indicating an amount of time for the first WTRU to refrain from transmitting, to the second WTRU; determining to reselect to a third WTRU responsive to receiving the first information and based on a second sidelink transmission from the third WTRU; reselecting or autonomous reselecting to the third WTRU; establishing a connection with the third WTRU; and transmitting, to the third WTRU, a third sidelink transmission comprising a second information indicating congestion as a cause for the reselection.

Abstract: A method for use in wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) which assesses both a first network and a second network to receive radio frames from each of the first network and the second network is disclosed. The method comprise: obtaining a first paging occasion (PO) as the first network's current PO and a second PO as the second network's current PO; determining whether there is a PO collision between the first PO and the second PO, on condition that there is the PO collision, selecting a network from the first network and the second network, and sending a request to the selected network; receiving, from the selected network, a collision avoidance parameter corresponding to the request; calculating a third PO for the selected network using the collision avoidance parameter, and using the third PO as the selected network's current PO.

Abstract: A user equipment, WTRU (401), may be provisioned on a stand-alone non-public network, SNPN. The WTRU registers with an on-boarding network, ONN (402). An indication that the WTRU is requesting to register with the ONN is received by a provisioning server, PVS (403), of the SNPN. An identifier associated with the WTRU is transmitted to the PVS. The PVS requests to subscribe to notifications related to the provisioning. For example, the notifications are sent/received via a network exposure function, NEF. A notification that the WTRU has successfully registered with the SNPN is transmitted (e.g., to the devices the requested to subscription notifications). After the WTRU has been successfully registered, the WTRU is de-registered from the ONN, and an indication that the WTRU has been de-registered from the ONN is transmitted (e.g., via the NEF).

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are provided for vehicle to everything (V2X) service oriented link establishment. A first wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may broadcast a direct communication request message. The direct communication request message may include a first security context identifier (ID). The first WTRU may receive a direct security mode command message from a second WTRU. The direct security mode command message may include a second security context ID. The first WTRU may determine a third security context ID by combining the first security context ID and the second security context ID. The first WTRU may establish, using the third security context ID, a secure direct communication link with the second WTRU. The first WTRU may generate, based on the third security context ID, a security context entry for the secure direct communication link with the second WTRU.

Abstract: A relay wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a direct communication request (DCR) from a remote WTRU requesting connectivity service (e.g., connectivity session parameters such as single-network slice selection assistance (S-NSSA!), data network name (DNN)). The relay may determine that the connectivity session for the service is subject to a secondary authentication and authorization (A&A), based on an indication associated with the connectivity session if already established and/or an indication associated DN from relay proximity service (ProSe) configuration. Based on the determination, the relay may trigger a network-controlled authorization for the remote WTRU. The relay WTRU may send a direct communication accept (DCA) message including a pending secondary A&A. and configure a traffic filter associated with the connection (e.g., a PC5 link) to discard data traffic from the remote WTRU until a successful completion of the secondary A&A.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are provided for vehicle to everything (V2X) service oriented link establishment. A first wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) may broadcast a direct communication request message. The direct communication request message may include a first security context identifier (ID). The first WTRU may receive a direct security mode command message from a second WTRU. The direct security mode command message may include a second security context ID. The first may determine a third security context ID by combining the first security context ID and the second security context ID. The first WTRU may establish, using the third security context ID, a secure direct communication link with the second WTRU. The first WTRU may generate, based on the third security context ID, a security context entry for the secure direct communication link with the second WTRU.