Abstract: A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) may be provided. A first message may be received from a relay. The first message may indicate a link quality measurement associated with a Uu interface between the relay and a network. It may be determined that a condition for a relay selection is satisfied based on the Uu link quality measurement. Based on the condition that the relay selection condition is satisfied, a second message may be sent to the relay. The second message may indicate a request to establish a connection to the network via the relay.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be configured to receive a key identifier. The key identifier may be associated with a second WTRU. Additionally, or alternatively, the key identifier may include a 5G ProSe remote user key (5GPRUK) identifier (ID). The WTRU may be configured as a WTRU-to-network relay for the second WTRU. The key identifier may be received during a key request procedure. The key request procedure may be performed by the WTRU on behalf of the second WTRU. The WTRU may be configured to send the key identifier to a network function. The key identifier may be sent to the network function to initiate a secondary authentication procedure. The WTRU may be configured to receive an authentication response message from the second WTRU. The WTRU may be configured to receive a response from the network function.

Abstract: The disclosed embodiments enable a non-3GPP device to be reached by a peer device when the non-3GPP device connects to a 3GPP network via a UE/5G-RG. The embodiments enable the non-3GPP to be temporarily associated to any network subscription. As the non-3GPP device is linked or unlinked from different UE/5G-RG s at different times,. The embodiments enable an AF and a peer node to subscribe to reachability notifications associated with the non-3GPP device. A 3GPP PCF enables device reachability notifications by updating a UDR/UDM and a NEF based on a connection status of an non-3GPP device.

Abstract: A first network node of a first network, the first network node configured to receive, from a second network node, a first authentication request to access, by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU), a second network hosted by the first network; send, to a third network node, a first request to obtain an identification token; receive, from the third network node, a response to the first request; send, to a fourth network node, a second authentication request comprising information indicating an identifier associated with the WTRU, a network identifier and the identification token; receive, from the fourth network node, a response to the second authentication request comprising information indicating a first key in response to an authentication success; determine, based on the first key and network identifier, a second key to access the second network by the WTRU; and send, to the second network node, information indicating the second key.

Abstract: Methods and devices are disclosed for a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) having a first universal integrated circuit card (UICC) and a second UICC, enabling a Multi-UE mode. In one method a WTRU retrieves subscription profile IDs from the first UICC and the second UICC and based on the retrieved subscription profile IDs, the WTRU determine it supports a multi-UE mode of operation using a first UE (UE1) and a second UE (UE2) to operate for mobility between inter-radio access technologies (RAT) networks. In an example, the WTRU establishes, by the UE1 with a first radio access network (RAN) node, a first user plane (UP) path and establishing a multi-UE packet data unit (PDU) session having multi-UE mode rules to switch traffic between UE1 and UE2 with the inter-RAT networks based on occurrence of a triggering event. Additional embodiment are disclosed.

Abstract: Based on the performance of an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AIML) model, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may be instructed to collect and report data. The data may be collected and reported based on a DC profile, a DC endpoint, and a DC authorization policy. A DC session may be established and a DC session identifier may be associated with the DC session. The WTRU may be one of a plurality of members authorized to collect data. The plurality of members may be associated with the DC session identifier. The WTRU may send collected data to a network. The WTRU may include the DC session identifier when sending the collected data. Collected data may be used to develop a training dataset for an artificial intelligence/machine learning (AIML) model.

Abstract: In some implementations, a method performed in a WTRU may include transmitting, to a wireless network, a WTRU policy provisioning request message, the message indicating WTRU role specific policies requested by the WTRU. The method may include receiving a WTRU policy command message including WTRU role specific policies associated with a respective access technology restriction. The method may include storing the WTRU role specific policies. The method may include transmitting a WTRU policy complete message. The method may include performing at least one procedure based on the stored WTRU role specific policies, the at least one procedure including: enabling a specific WTRU role, disabling a specific WTRU role, triggering cell selection or cell reselection to enable the specific WTRU role, or triggering a public land mobile network (PLMN) search for a PLMN that can support the WTRU role specific policies.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may comprise a processor configured to determine that a data collection configuration is not available from a direct data collection client (DDCC) of the WTRU. The processor may send a request associated with the data collection configuration to an application server, wherein the request comprises an application identifier, an indication of a user profile, and a protocol data unit (PDU) session identifier. The processor may receive the data collection configuration, wherein the data collection configuration comprises data collection policies that indicate conditions upon which the WTRU is to collect the data, and wherein the data collection policies indicate whether and where the WTRU is to send the collected data.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, and procedures for uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) flight route tracking using rendezvous points in wireless communications are provided. In an example, a method implemented by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) comprises receiving a downlink transmission including a rendezvous monitoring request, transmitting a first uplink transmission including a response based on the rendezvous monitoring request, initiating a discovery process for detecting the presence of a target UAV associated with the rendezvous monitoring request, and transmitting a second uplink transmission including a monitoring report associated with the target UAV.

Abstract: Methods, apparatuses, systems, etc., directed to performing a change of relay are disclosed herein. In an embodiment, a WTRU may transmit a link modification request message to a target WTRU via a first relay WTRU for requesting a change of relay. The WTRU may receive a link modification accept message from the target WTRU via the first relay WTRU, indicating a (e.g., proposed) second relay WTRU (e.g., identifier). The WTRU may transmit a direct communication request message including the second relay WTRU identifier for indicating to the target WTRU acceptance of the proposed second relay WTRU. The WTRU may a receiving a direct communication accept message from the target WTRU via the second relay WTRU, indicating the traffic may be relayed via the second relay WTRU.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for local mobile metaverse service enablers, such as an enabler implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU). For example, a method may include determining, by a WTRU service enabler hosted by a WTRU, that one or more application clients hosted by the WTRU are interested in available local content. The method may include obtaining, by the WTRU service enabler, the available local content. The method may include providing, by the WTRU service enabler to the one or more application clients, the available local content.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for adjusting quality of service (QoS) based on the speed, location, and trajectory of a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU). A first network node, such as a radio access network (RAN), may receive QoS profiles from a second node, like a session management function (SMF), and a profile may be associated with WTRU movement parameters and indices. Upon detecting changes in the WTRU's speed, location, or trajectory, the first network node may select an appropriate QoS profile and sends an index for the profile to the WTRU and a third node, such as a user plane function (UPF), to synchronize QoS handling.

Abstract: This disclosure relates to network assisted coordination for user equipment (UE) with multi-steer capabilities (e.g., DualSteer capabilities). A node of a core network may establish a multi-steer protocol data unit (PDU) session for a first UE and a second UE. The node may include a processor configured to determine a multi-steer ID for the first UE and receive a PDU session request from the second UE indicating a multi-steer session type. The processor may be further configured to retrieve the multi-steer ID for the first UE based on receiving the PDU session request and to associate the PDU session request with a session management function (SMF) of the core network based on the multi-steer ID. The processor may be further configured to send a request to establish the multi-steer PDU session for the second UE using the SMF.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for command and control (C2) communications setup, modification, and/or revocation. The C2 communications may be direct C2 communications. A C2 authorization may be performed by a wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) (e.g., an unmanned (uncrewed) aerial vehicle (UAV)). The C2 authorization may be performed by a WTRU, for example, if the WTRU sends a C2 communication request. The C2 communication request may be sent to an unmanned (uncrewed) aerial system (UAS) service supplier (USS), for example, via a UAS network function (NF) during a packet data unit (PDU) session establishment and/or modification. The WTRU may perform discovery of a peer WTRU, for example, after successful authorization.

Abstract: A WTRU receives a hybrid node configuration information comprising an indication for the WTRU to perform as a WTRU-to-WTRU relay and an end WTRU. The WTRU receives a first message comprising at least one direct discovery set, which comprises a list of end WTRU user information IDs of end WTRUs. The first message comprises a list of previous hops routing information for each end WTRU that indicates a sequence of user information IDs of WTRU-to-WTRU relays associated with an end WTRU. The first message comprises a list of hop counts for each end WTRU in the list of end WTRUs. The WTRU stores a route to each end WTRU in a direct discovery routing table based on the previous hops routing information. The WTRU sends a second message to a second WTRU-to-WTRU relay that comprises the at least one direct discovery set and end WTRU user information IDs.

Abstract: A user equipment, WTRU (401), may be provisioned on a stand-alone non-public network, SNPN. The WTRU registers with an on-boarding network, ONN (402). An indication that the WTRU is requesting to register with the ONN is received by a provisioning server, PVS (403), of the SNPN. An identifier associated with the WTRU is transmitted to the PVS. The PVS requests to subscribe to notifications related to the provisioning. For example, the notifications are sent/received via a network exposure function, NEF. A notification that the WTRU has successfully registered with the SNPN is transmitted (e.g., to the devices the requested to subscription notifications). After the WTRU has been successfully registered, the WTRU is de-registered from the ONN, and an indication that the WTRU has been de-registered from the ONN is transmitted (e.g., via the NEF).

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein for the authorization for groups of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Examples of enhancing in a UAS service supplier (USS) UAV authorization/authentication (UUAA) procedure to support UAV groups (also called swarms) are provided herein. In examples, a USS via a UAS network function (UAS NF) may provide group-specific provisioning parameters to a policy control function (PCF)/unified data management (UDM). The group-specific provisioning parameters may include at least one of: a group ID; UAV IDs of group members; a leader UAV ID; a USS address; or group subscription-related information. Examples of discovery messages are provided herein. The discovery messages may include at least one of a group ID; a leader UAV ID; and a remote UAV ID. Examples of direct link establishment messages and responses are provided herein. The direct link establishment messages and responses may include a group ID and a remote UAV ID.

Abstract: Devices, methods and systems for flight path network data reporting. A request for an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV) flight path network data report that indicates at least one waypoint is received. A request for data analytics information regarding at least one UAV corresponding to the at least one waypoint is transmitted, responsive to the request for the UAV flight path network data report. Data analytics information regarding at least one UAV corresponding to the at least one waypoint is received, responsive to the request for data analytics information. A UAV flight path network data report is transmitted based on the data analytics information. In some implementations, the network device implements an uncrewed aerial systems Network Function (UAS-NF). In some implementations, the network device receives the request for a UAV flight path network data report from a UAS service supplier (USS).

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for user plane traffic gating based on energy cost. A policy control function, PCF, may be configured with information related to energy cost criteria or strategy. The PCF may be triggered, using the information, to obtain energy cost information from the network, e.g., from an energy efficiency control function, EECF. The PCF may use the energy cost measurement/information obtained from the EECF, and the energy cost criteria or strategy information to determine whether and which service flows need to be blocked. The PCF may include this information in one or more policy and charging control, PCC, rules that correspond to the service flows of interest, and may provide this information to a session management function, SMF, to further send corresponding one or more N4 rules to the user plane function, UPF.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for proximity services (ProSe) support in stand-alone non-public networks are described. A wireless transmit/receive unit, WTRU, receives, from a further WTRU, a request for communication, the request for communication comprising information indicative of key data associated with the further WTRU, transmits, to a first network, a request for access for the further WTRU to a further network, the request for access comprising information indicative of the key data, receives, from the first network, a response message comprising information indicative of an authentication result and of the key data, in case the information indicative of the authentication result indicates successful authentication, transmits a request for at least one key for the further WTRU, receives security credentials for the further WTRU, and transmits, to the further WTRU, the received security credentials.