Abstract: Ammonia production systems are provided that can include: a reactor configured to receive N2 and H2; catalyst within the reactor, the catalyst comprising material having a band gap >3 eV; and a radiation conduit extending into the reactor and configured to expose the N2, H2, and catalyst to the radiation and form NH3. Methods for producing ammonia are also provided. The methods can include: providing a catalyst comprising material having a band gap >3 eV; exposing the catalyst to both N2 and H2; and while the catalyst is exposed to both N2 and H2, exposing the catalyst to radiation to form NH3. The methods can also include providing a catalyst comprising material having a high-band gap; exposing the catalyst to both N2 and H2; and while the catalyst is exposed to both N2 and H2, exposing the catalyst to gamma rays to form NH3.

Abstract: An apparatus and method of simultaneous spectroelectrochemical analysis is disclosed. A transparent surface is provided. An analyte solution on the transparent surface is contacted with a working electrode and at least one other electrode. Light from a light source is focused on either a surface of the working electrode or the analyte solution. The light reflected from either the surface of the working electrode or the analyte solution is detected. The potential of the working electrode is adjusted, and spectroscopic changes of the analyte solution that occur with changes in thermodynamic potentials are monitored.

Abstract: Non-invasive methods and systems are described for rapidly measuring in-vivo dose, severity, and progression of injury after exposure to damaging phenomena, such as ionizing radiation, chemical burns, or electrical burns. Optical reflectance backscattering spectroscopy is applied to identify and characterize the effects of such phenomena on an individual's whole body and in localized areas.

Abstract: A trapezoidal shaped peripheral seal is inserted in a trapezoidal cast peripheral groove in the valve body. A relief cut-out is disposed beneath the peripheral groove. The sealing function is effected by loading the peripheral seal with the gate so as to deflect the seal into the groove a relief cut out which places the seal in a shear mode.