Abstract: Amino acid formulations useful for treating diarrhea in a subject in need thereof are described herein. Such amino acid formulations and methods comprising administering same to a subject are useful for treating diarrhea, particularly diarrhea caused by or associated with bacterial infections wherein secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt contributes to at least one symptom of diarrhea in the subject. Use of these amino acid formulations for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt are encompassed herein, as are their use in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of diarrhea in general or diarrhea associated with secretagogue-stimulated anion secretion from the intestinal crypt.

Abstract: Formulations comprising particular free amino acids useful for promoting hydration and/or intestinal barrier function in a subject in need thereof are described herein. Such formulations and methods using same are useful for promoting hydration and/or intestinal barrier function in a subject in need thereof. Such subjects may be healthy, but in need of a formulation that promotes rapid hydration (e.g., within 15-90 minutes post-administration) or promotes intestinal barrier function; or such subjects may be afflicted by a disorder or disease associated with dehydration or impaired intestinal barrier function, respectively.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling a human being utilizes skin temperature feedback to control the amount of cooling. When the measured skin temperature reaches a preset high temperature, the human being is cooled until the measured skin temperature reaches a preset low temperature, and then cooling of the human being stops. In one embodiment, the preset high temperature is about 35 degrees Centigrade and the preset low temperature is about 33 degrees Centigrade. Cooling of the human being resumes whenever the preset high temperature is reached and pauses whenever the preset low temperature is reached to thereby provide intermittent cooling to the human being. The invention is also applicable to heating a human being.