Abstract: A method of treating a subject afflicted with oxidative stress due to radiation exposure has the steps of preparing glucosidic astaxanthin by reacting astaxanthin with a monosaccharide, and administering a therapeutic amount of the glucosidic astaxanthin to the subject in need of such treatment. The astaxanthin is reacted with the monosaccharide at a microwave frequency of between 1 and 100 GHz for at least one second and no more than 25 seconds. The glucosidic astaxanthin can be added to a carrier material.

Abstract: A method of treating a subject afflicted with oxidative stress due to radiation exposure has the steps of preparing glucosidic astaxanthin by reacting astaxanthin with a monosaccharide, and administering a therapeutic amount of the glucosidic astaxanthin to the subject in need of such treatment. The astaxanthin is reacted with the monosaccharide at a microwave frequency of between 1 and 100 GHz for at least one second and no more than 25 seconds. The glucosidic astaxanthin can be added to a carrier material.

Abstract: A method of treating a subject afflicted with cancer, arthritis, diabetes, lupus, fibromyalgia or dementia includes administering a therapeutic amount of a glucosidic astaxanthin to the subject in need of such treatment. The glucosidic astaxanthin is prepared by reacting astaxanthin with a monosaccharide at a temperature so as to produce the glucosidic astaxanthin. The therapeutic amount is not is greater than 0.1 milligrams per kilogram of body weight per day. The glucosidic astaxanthin can be added to a carrier material, such as an edible material, a pill, or oil.

Abstract: A process for something separating oxygen from air includes mixing the air with hydro fluoro ether in a closed vessel for a desired period of time so that the oxygen from the air is adsorbed into the hydro fluoro ether, discharging the oxygen-adsorbed hydro fluoro ether from the closed vessel, and flashing the oxygen-adsorbed hydro fluoro ether into a chamber so that so as to separate the oxygen from the hydro fluoro ether. Nitrogen is separated from the air as the oxygen is adsorbed in the hydro fluoro ether in the closed vessel. The step of flashing that includes passing the elevated pressure oxygen-adsorbed hydro fluoro ether across a restricting orifice so as to evaporate the oxygen from the hydro fluoro ether.

Abstract: A process for something separating oxygen from air includes mixing the air with hydro fluoro ether in a closed vessel for a desired period of time so that the oxygen from the air is adsorbed into the hydro fluoro ether, discharging the oxygen-adsorbed hydro fluoro ether from the closed vessel, and flashing the oxygen-adsorbed hydro fluoro ether into a chamber so that so as to separate the oxygen from the hydro fluoro ether. Nitrogen is separated from the air as the oxygen is adsorbed in the hydro fluoro ether in the closed vessel. The step of flashing that includes passing the elevated pressure oxygen-adsorbed hydro fluoro ether across a restricting orifice so as to evaporate the oxygen from the hydro fluoro ether.

Abstract: A process for reducing cell death in eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms includes the steps of mixing the organisms with water in a first reactor, strobing light onto the mixture of organisms and water for a period of time, passing the strobed mixture into another reactor, and discharging the mixture from the another reactor. The step of strobing light includes strobing light to the mixture of organisms and water at a frequency of between 10 Hz and 40 Hz. The strobing of the light is between twenty flashes per second and eighty flashes per second. The first reactor is a continuously stirred reactor. The another reactor is a plug flow reactor. The organisms are in an algal culture.

Abstract: A process for treating contaminated water has the steps of filtering the contaminated water through a filter so as to produce a filtrate therefrom, introducing nutrients and a biomass into an interior volume of the of a light reactor, passing the filtrate into the light reactor, reacting light with the nutrients and the biomass so as to produce a light-reacted biomass, transferring the light-reacted biomass to a dark reactor, reacting the transferred light-reacted biomass with carbon dioxide in the dark reactor, and filtering the reacted biomass from the dark reactor so as to remove the biomass therefrom. The nutrients in the biomass are continuously stirred within the light reactor in a toroidal circulation pattern.

Abstract: The system for fermentation using algae of the present invention includes a first reactor and a second reactor being in fluid communication with each other. A first valve placed between the first reactor and the second reactor controls the fluid connection between the reactors. A gas inlet, in fluid connection to the first reactor, is located at an end opposite the second reactor. A devolatization unit or cell lysis chamber is connected to the second reactor by a second valve. A biomass stream having gas, liquid and biosolids contents passes through the first reactor with gas. The biomass stream mixes and dissolves the gas in the reactors. The cellular structure of the biomass stream ruptures in the devolatization unit, allowing the processed materials, such as oil, gas, and biosolids, to be harvested for use.

Abstract: The present invention is a system for harvesting algae in continuous fermentation. There is a harvester including a main moving belt, a plurality of rollers, and a motor for driving the main motor belt. There is a reactor tank and a vacuum extractor for applying a vacuum over a width of the main moving belt to extract biomass and to dry the main moving belt. The main moving belt has one end in the reactor tanks and another end extended into the vacuum extractor. The algae contained in the reactor tank is collected for further processing, including oil extraction. With algae harvested in the large-scale manner of the present invention, a more efficient oil extraction method can be used because of the concentration, temperature, and pressure can be more easily controlled.

Abstract: The present invention is a system for harvesting algae in continuous fermentation. There is a harvester including a main moving belt, a plurality of rollers, and a motor for driving the main moving belt. There is a reactor tank and a vacuum extractor for applying a vacuum over a width of the main moving belt to extract biomass and to dry the main moving belt. The main moving belt has one end in the reactor tanks and another end extended into the vacuum extractor. The algae contained in the reactor tank is collected for further processing, including oil extraction. With algae harvested in the large-scale manner of the present invention, a more efficient oil extraction method can be used because the concentration, temperature, and pressure can be more easily controlled.

Abstract: The present invention is a system for harvesting algae in continuous fermentation. There is a harvester including a main moving belt, a plurality of rollers, and a motor for driving the main motor belt. There is a reactor tank and a vacuum extractor for applying a vacuum over a width of the main moving belt to extract biomass and to dry the main moving belt. The main moving belt has one end in the reactor tanks and another end extended into the vacuum extractor. The algae contained in the reactor tank is collected for further processing, including oil extraction. With algae harvested in the large-scale manner of the present invention, a more efficient oil extraction method can be used because of the concentration, temperature, and pressure can be more easily controlled.

Abstract: A method for separating a gas stream comprising methane and a contaminate gas comprises the steps of contacting the gas stream with water under temperature and pressure suitable for the formation of methane hydrates so as to form a water/hydrate slurry, separating the contaminate gas from the water/hydrate slurry, and recovering methane from the water/hydrate slurry so as to generate a water stream.

Abstract: A process for treating a sludge of biological solids has the steps of mixing an oxide-containing chemical with a pozzolanic material, reacting the mixture with the sludge so as to elevate a temperature of the sludge to between 40° C. and 140° C., pressurizing the blended sludge to a pressure of greater than 14.7 p.s.i.a., recycling a portion of the reacted sludge so as to increase a solids content of the sludge, and discharging at least a portion of the pressurized mixed sludge. The step of discharging includes flashing the pressurized mixed sludge across a restricting orifice so as to cause the liquid component to be evaporated.

Abstract: The present invention is a system for harvesting algae in continuous fermentation. There is a harvester including a main moving belt, a plurality of rollers, and a motor for driving the main moving belt. There is a reactor tank and a vacuum extractor for applying a vacuum over a width of the main moving belt to extract biomass and to dry the main moving belt. The main moving belt has one end in the reactor tanks and another end extended into the vacuum extractor. The algae contained in the reactor tank is collected for further processing, including oil extraction. With algae harvested in the large-scale manner of the present invention, a more efficient oil extraction method can be used because the concentration, temperature, and pressure can be more easily controlled.

Abstract: The system for fermentation using algae of the present invention includes a first reactor and a second reactor being in fluid communication with each other. A first valve placed between the first reactor and the second reactor controls the fluid connection between the reactors. A gas inlet, in fluid connection to the first reactor, is located at an end opposite the second reactor. A devolatization unit or cell lysis chamber is connected to the second reactor by a second valve. A biomass stream having gas, liquid and biosolids contents passes through the first reactor with gas. The biomass stream mixes and dissolves the gas in the reactors. The cellular structure of the biomass stream ruptures in the devolatization unit, allowing the processed materials, such as oil, gas, and biosolids, to be harvested for use.

Abstract: A process for treating a microorganism-containing stream includes the steps of passing the stream through a chamber, pressurizing the stream in the chamber to a pressure greater than 14.7 p.s.i.g., introducing a feed gas into the pressurized stream such that the feed gas is soluable within the microorganisms, and depressurizing the stream so as to cause the soluablized feed gas to expand within the microorganisms so as to rupture the cell walls of the microorganisms. The feed gas can be carbon dioxide, air, nitrogen, methane, or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: A method for reducing acid gases in a flue gas, the method comprising reacting biosolids comprising a scrubbing agent with a flue gas comprising an acid gas, thereby reducing the amount of acid gas in the flue gas is disclosed. Also disclosed is a flue gas scrubbing process comprising: combusting a fossil fuel and biosolids comprising a scrubbing agent, thereby producing a flue gas comprising an acid gas, wherein the flue gas has a reduced amount of acid gas compared with flue gas produced from the combustion of the fossil filet alone. A flue gas scrubbing process comprising providing a stream of biosolids that includes a hydroxide or an oxide of a Group IA or IIA element, providing a flue gas comprising an acid gas, and reacting the biosolids stream with the flue gas so as to reduce the amount of acid gas in the flue gas is also disclosed.

Abstract: A sludge treatment process comprising: mixing a sludge and a sanitizing agent to form a sludge mixture, the sanitizing agent comprising no more than about 20 percent of the sludge mixture, sanitizing the sludge mixture to substantially reduce or eliminate the pathogens therein, thereby forming biosolids, and recycling some of the biosolids into the sludge mixture. Included is a sludge treatment process comprising: sanitizing sludge to substantially reduce or eliminate the pathogens therein, thereby forming biosolids, wherein the sludge is substantially free of an acid. Also included is a sludge treatment process comprising: mixing a sludge, a sanitizing agent, and a stiffening agent to form a sludge mixture, heating the sludge mixture to substantially reduce or eliminate the pathogens therein, thereby forming biosolids, and recycling some of the biosolids into the sludge mixture, wherein the pH of the sludge mixture is at least about 9 prior to the heating step.

Abstract: A process for making a fuel product from paper mill sludge including dewatering the paper mill sludge so as to have a solids content of greater than 7 percent by weight, mixing an oxide-containing chemical and molasses with the dewatered paper mill sludge, pressurizing the mixed sludge to a pressure of greater than 6 p.s.i. for a period of time of no less than 15 seconds, and drying the pressurized mixed sludge to no less than 60 percent solids by weight. The oxide-containing chemical can be either calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. The oxide-containing chemical is mixed in an amount of between 1 percent to 10 percent by weight of the dewatered paper mill sludge. The molasses is mixed in an amount of between 0.1 percent and 1 percent by weight of the dewatered paper mill sludge. The method also includes grinding the dried sludge to a desired size of no less than 325 mesh and no larger than one-quarter inch in diameter. The dried sludge has a heating content of no less than 5,000 BTUs/pound.

Abstract: A process for removing water from sludge including passing the sludge through a chamber, injecting carbon dioxide gas under pressure into the chamber as the sludge passes through the chamber, and flashing the carbon dioxide-injected sludge through an orifice into a vessel so as to release carbon dioxide gas from the sludge. The flashed sludge is dewatered to remove water from the sludge. The carbon dioxide gas is injected at no less than 25 p.s.i.g. of pressure.