Abstract: Methods for modulating primordial germ cell (PGC) numbers and/or development in avians are provided. In one embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter provides a method for modulating primordial germ cells numbers in an avian embryo comprising immunizing a female bird with an antigen associated with primordial germ cells, whereby an egg produced by the female bird comprises a sufficiently high concentration of antibodies specific for the antigen to modulate numbers of endogenous PGCs in an avian embryo present within in the egg. Also provided are methods for producing chimeric avians, methods for increasing the proportion of male birds in a plurality of eggs, methods of producing avian gametes, and methods for enhancing germ line transmission of nucleic acids in birds.

Abstract: An apparatus, system and method are provided for use in triggering a flash lamp and treating fluids. In some embodiments, a flash lamp assembly is provided that includes a chamber that surrounds a flash lamp with first and second electrodes that extend through the chamber, and a trigger element positioned adjacent an exterior of the chamber. First and second ends of the trigger element can, in some implementations be proximate the first and second electrodes. Some embodiments provide a fluid treatment system that includes a flash lamp enclosed within a chamber, and a trigger element positioned adjacent an exterior of the chamber. The chamber include an inlet and outlet where fluid to be treated is pushed into the chamber to pass about the flash lamp without contacting the trigger element.