Abstract: At least some embodiments provide illustrative systems and methods that may enable formulation optimization using one or more processor(s) that may be programmed to: receive an amino acid formulation request for an amino acid combination for a hydration beverage, the amino acid formulation request having a first set of optimization criteria including a first water uptake metric for glucose and a taste profile metric associated with a score indicative of an effect on a taste profile of the hydration beverage; access a second set of optimization criteria, including an expression pattern for receptors in the intestine, a second water uptake metric for the amino acid formulation, and amino acid data of each amino acid; and generate an optimized amino acid-based formulation utilizing a hydration beverage optimization engine to optimize a concentration of one or more amino acids based on the first and second sets of optimization criteria.

Abstract: At least some embodiments provide illustrative systems and methods that may enable formulation optimization using one or more processor(s) that may be programmed to: receive an amino acid formulation request for an amino acid combination for a hydration beverage, the amino acid formulation request having a first set of optimization criteria including a first water uptake metric for glucose and a taste profile metric associated with a score indicative of an effect on a taste profile of the hydration beverage; access a second set of optimization criteria, including an expression pattern for receptors in the intestine, a second water uptake metric for the amino acid formulation, and amino acid data of each amino acid; and generate an optimized amino acid-based formulation utilizing a hydration beverage optimization engine to optimize a concentration of one or more amino acids based on the first and second sets of optimization criteria.

Abstract: A system and method for accurately estimating cutaneous water loss resulting from exercise. The system comprises a component to determine the ambient temperature and a component to determine the total energy expenditure resulting from exercise. The cutaneous water loss is calculated with the equation: Cutaneous Water Loss=(m*(air temperature)+b)*(energy expenditure) where m is a function of air temperature and h is a constant.

Abstract: A system and method for accurately estimating cutaneous water loss resulting from exercise. The system comprises a component to determine the ambient temperature and a component to determine the total energy expenditure resulting from exercise. The cutaneous water loss is calculated with the equation: Cutaneous Water Loss=(m*(air temperature)+b)*(energy expenditure) where m is a function of air temperature and h is a constant.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for cooling a human being utilizes skin temperature feedback to control the amount of cooling. When the measured skin temperature reaches a preset high temperature, the human being is cooled until the measured skin temperature reaches a preset low temperature, and then cooling of the human being stops. In one embodiment, the preset high temperature is about 35 degrees Centigrade and the preset low temperature is about 33 degrees Centigrade. Cooling of the human being resumes whenever the preset high temperature is reached and pauses whenever the preset low temperature is reached to thereby provide intermittent cooling to the human being. The invention is also applicable to heating a human being.