Abstract: A web-tension-measuring device has two plates, which can be rotated relative to one another about an axis of rotation, to be precise such that the one free end of the one plate can be moved towards, or away from, the corresponding, opposite free end of the other plate. A force transducer is arranged in the region of the free ends of the two plates and outside the axis of rotation. The force transducer is configured, during movement of the free ends of the two plates towards one another, to detect a corresponding compressive loading arising from the movement and, during the movement of the free ends away from one another, to detect a corresponding tensile loading between the two plates.

Abstract: An apparatus and an associated method determine the fiber orientation of a moving fibrous web, in particular a paper, cardboard or cellulose web. An illumination device illuminates an area of the fibrous web and a camera records a digital image of the illuminated area of the fibrous web. The illumination device is configured to illuminate the fibrous web for a period of time of 1 ?s or less and the camera is configured in such a way that the edge length of a pixel corresponds to no more than 20 ?m, in particular no more than 10 ?m.

Abstract: A web-tension-measuring device has two plates, which can be rotated relative to one another about an axis of rotation, to be precise such that the one free end of the one plate can be moved towards, or away from, the corresponding, opposite free end of the other plate. A force transducer is arranged in the region of the free ends of the two plates and outside the axis of rotation. The force transducer is configured, during movement of the free ends of the two plates towards one another, to detect a corresponding compressive loading arising from the movement and, during the movement of the free ends away from one another, to detect a corresponding tensile loading between the two plates.