Abstract: The present application relates to, inter alia, compositions including proteins for expression in host cells to render them resistant to rapamycin. The application further relates to methods of using the proteins, cells, and compositions disclosed therein for modulating cell signaling and for selective expansion of cells.

Abstract: The present application relates to, inter alia, compositions including proteins for expression in host cells to render them resistant to rapamycin. The application further relates to methods of using the proteins, cells, and compositions disclosed therein for modulating cell signaling and for selective expansion of cells.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for introducing gas into a liquid is disclosed. The apparatus comprises: a conduit (20); a fluid directing formation (10) arranged within said conduit and defining a plurality of discrete channels within said conduit, said channels being isolated from each other in a direction perpendicular to a direction of fluid flow through said channels, each channel providing a flow accelerating constriction to said fluid flow such that fluid flowing in each of said channels is caused to accelerate as it flows through said flow accelerating constrictions; wherein at least some of said channels comprise orifices within said flow accelerating constrictions, said orifices being in fluid communication with a gas source, such that said gas is drawn through said orifices to be entrained in said fluid flow by virtue of a reduced pressure in said channels caused by said fluid flow.