Abstract: Systems and methods for measuring nanometer level binding reactions are described herein. In some embodiments, the disclosed subject matter is directed to a device comprising (a) a substrate having a surface and (b) an ordered array of posts, pits, or patches over the surface, wherein the posts, pits, or patches are capable of binding a protein or small molecule ligand, and wherein the pitch between adjacent posts, pits, or patches is less than about 100 nm. In some other embodiments, the disclosed subject matter is also directed to methods for identifying the presence of an analyte in a fluid and to methods for measuring relative binding specificity or affinity between an analyte in a fluid and the posts, pits, or patches, using the device of the disclosed subject matter.

Abstract: The present invention relates to methods for fabricating nanoscale electrodes separated by a nanogap, wherein the gap size may be controlled with high precision using a self-aligning aluminum oxide mask, such that the gap width depends upon the thickness of the aluminum oxide mask. The invention also provides methods for using the nanoscale electrodes.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to a device comprising (a) a substrate having a surface and (b) an ordered array of posts over the surface, wherein the posts are capable of binding a protein or small molecule ligand, and wherein the pitch between adjacent posts is less than about 100 nm. The invention is also directed to methods for identifying the presence of an analyte in a fluid and to methods for measuring relative binding specificity or affinity between an analyte in a fluid and the posts, using the device of the present invention.