Abstract: Hair follicle bulge region/LLP region CD34(+) MeSCs can be isolated from mammalian skin bearing hair follicles. These cells are multipotent and retain the ability to differentiate into cells of neural crest lineage, including glia-like cells that express the glial marker Gfap, and are able to express myelin basic protein, and to remyelinate naked (unmyelinated or demyelinated) neuronal processes with a functional, dense myelin sheath. These cells of neural crest lineage can be used to produce a dense myelin sheath on neurons which lack myelin due to genetic defect, trauma, toxin, infection, or disease process. Therefore, embodiments of the invention provide methods for preparing such cells, the cells themselves and compositions containing the cells, as well as methods for using the cells.

Abstract: Implementations disclosed herein provide for cauterizing portions of a snapshot. A file and/or directory or a set of files and directories of a snapshot can be identified via a user request or an automated process for cauterization. When cauterized, if a previous snapshot does not contain a ditto entry to the portion of the current snapshot that is requested to be cauterized, the BADDR associated with the cauterized portion of the snapshot can be freed for other storage use. In some implementations, metadata associated with the data that is cauterized can be retained for other uses.

Abstract: Implementations are provided herein for incremental backup using a change tree. A change tree is a database file for tracking file system changes of a specific dataset, such as a directory of a file system. A backup process can create and/or initiate a change tree when creating a backup snapshot of a dataset. After the change tree is created, all file system changes inside the dataset can be tracked. The next incremental backup can then take advantage of the change tree to backup changes without traversing the entire dataset. Thus, incremental backups can be more efficient and are better able to keep up with tape streaming speed.

Abstract: The subject disclosure is directed towards the parallel backing up of a file system. A file system tree structure is walked by parallel workers that write file system data to data storage devices in parallel streams. Work assigned to one worker may be split to an idle worker to provide parallel operation. Relationship data that maintains relationships between the streams is persisted (e.g., via reference data inserted into the streams) so that a restore mechanism is able to stitch the streams together back into the file system data. Also persisted is location data that maintains storage locations of the streams. A file's data also may be written into parallel streams.

Abstract: A first request to execute a first task is received from a first module in a first address space and by a second module in a second address space. The first task is placed into a task queue for execution in the second address space. Pending responses not yet returned to the first module that are results of execution for other tasks in the second address space are extracted by the second module from a response queue. Requests for the other tasks were previously sent by the first module to the second module for execution in the second address space. The pending responses are compounded. The pending responses and a return value for acknowledgement the first request to execute the first task are combined, by the second module into a combined communication. The combined communication is transmitted by the second module to the first module in the first address space.

Abstract: Hair follicle bulge region/LLP region CD34(+) MeSCs can be isolated from mammalian skin bearing hair follicles. These cells are multipotent and retain the ability to differentiate into cells of neural crest lineage, including glia-like cells that express the glial marker Gfap, and are able to express myelin basic protein, and to remyelinate naked (unmyelinated or demyelinated) neuronal processes with a functional, dense myelin sheath. These cells of neural crest lineage can be used to produce a dense myelin sheath on neurons which lack myelin due to genetic defect, trauma, toxin, infection, or disease process. Therefore, embodiments of the invention provide methods for preparing such cells, the cells themselves and compositions containing the cells, as well as methods for using the cells.

Abstract: One or more techniques and/or systems are provided for coalescing storage operations. For example, a storage operation may be received from a client by a file server configured to provide access to data stored within one or more storage devices. A notification of the storage operation may be created for tracking purposes. A coalescing policy may be enforced such that additional notifications are not created for subsequent storage operations until the coalescing policy is unenforced (e.g., after a predefined period of time lapses). Enforcement of the coalescing policy, for example, mitigates tracking an excess number of storage operations that may otherwise utilize processing resources, consume bandwidth, provide redundant information that may be of little to no value, etc.

Abstract: A first request to execute a first task is received from a first module in a first address space and by a second module in a second address space. The first task is placed into a task queue for execution in the second address space. Pending responses not yet returned to the first module that are results of execution for other tasks in the second address space are extracted by the second module from a response queue. Requests for the other tasks were previously sent by the first module to the second module for execution in the second address space. The pending responses are compounded. The pending responses and a return value for acknowledgement the first request to execute the first task are combined, by the second module into a combined communication. The combined communication is transmitted by the second module to the first module in the first address space.