Abstract: The three-dimensional structural analysis of pharmaceutical and/or biological molecules is performed by the reaction of OH radicals on the surfaces of the molecules of interest. Quantitation and/or completeness of the OH radicals are optionally measured using buffers intrinsic to the sample solutions as internal standards. Measurements of the reactions of these buffers with OH radicals provide an internal standard while avoiding the use of prior art internal standards that can have unwanted effects on the three-dimensional structures of interest.

Abstract: The three-dimensional structural analysis of pharmaceutical and/or biological molecules is performed by the reaction of OH radicals on the surfaces of the molecules of interest. Quantitation and/or completeness of the OH radicals are optionally measured using buffers intrinsic to the sample solutions as internal standards. Measurements of the reactions of these buffers with OH radicals provide an internal standard while avoiding the use of prior art internal standards that can have unwanted effects on the three-dimensional structures of interest.

Abstract: A method for computer-aided analysis of an automation plant to which a plurality of networked devices are assigned, wherein information pertaining to the networked devices including their device types and interconnections is acquired and a network topology is generated which represents the networking of the devices. A respective device is then assigned, according to its device type, to one hierarchy level of a plurality of hierarchy levels defined for the automation plant. A topology of the automation plant is then displayed on a user interface on which a section is provided for each hierarchy level, where devices assigned to a respective hierarchy level are disposed as elements in a section provided for the respective hierarchy level and are interconnected based on the networking according to the network topology.