Abstract: The invention provides a method for treating infants, children or adults suffering from pulmonary distress caused by low or insufficient production of surfactant. It is particularly suitable for treating premature infants suffering from Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The method comprises administering a leptin compound to an individual with impaired surfactant production for a time and in an amount sufficient to enhance surfactant production. The method may be used for treatment of any mammal with impaired lung surfactant production.