Abstract: A method of fabricating a phase change memory device includes the use of first, second and third polishing processes. The first polishing process forms a first contact portion using a first sacrificial layer and the second polishing process forms a phase change material pattern using a second sacrificial layer. After removing the first and second sacrificial layers to expose resultant protruding structures of the first contact portion and the phase change material pattern, a third polishing process is used to polish the resultant protruding structures using an insulation layer as a polishing stopper layer.

Abstract: In an etching method, a thin layer is formed on a first surface of a first substrate doped with first impurities having a first doping concentration. The thin layer is doped with second impurities having a second doping concentration lower than the first doping concentration. A second substrate is formed on the thin layer. A second surface of the first substrate is polished. The polished first substrate is cleaned using a cleaning solution including ammonia and deionized water. The cleaned first substrate is etched to expose the thin layer.

Abstract: A mobile communication device capable of providing a candidate phone number list and a method of controlling an operation of the mobile communication device is provided. The method includes displaying a phone number input window and a display window on the touch screen, displaying a string of numbers input to the phone number input window in the display window and displaying a candidate phone number list on the touch screen if a touch input to the display window is detected when the input number string is displayed in the display window, the candidate phone number list including a plurality of phone numbers that contain the input number string.

Abstract: A display panel and a method of manufacturing the same are provided. The display panel includes a plurality of chip panels, each chip panel having an upper surface, a lower surface disposed parallel to the upper surface, a side surface between the upper surface and the lower surface and a connection portion between the side surface and at least one of the upper surface and the lower surface, the connection portion having a rounded configuration, and an adhesive layer interposed between the chip panels in order to vertically stack the chip panels to connect the chip panels. Therefore, in the display panel, the strength of the edge portion can be improved. Also, by forming a connection portion, a stress can be suppressed from being concentrated at the edge portion by an external mechanical stress.

Abstract: A median filtering apparatus and method for removing noise and improving an image quality with respect to all types of input images are provided. The median filtering apparatus may receive an input of N pieces of data, may form a data set including the N pieces of data, may calculate a difference array having an N×N size based on the N pieces of data in the data set, may sum component values for each column of the difference array, and may calculate an index of a column having a smallest value among sum values that are obtained by the summing operation and that are greater than or equal to a preset value.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electric power steering apparatus. The electric power steering apparatus includes: a torque sensor configured to detect a torque applied to a steering wheel; a current detector configured to measure a current flowing through a driving motor; and an electronic control unit configured to estimate a current flowing through the driving motor depending on the detected torque and compare the estimated current with the measured current to judge a malfunction of the torque sensor or the current detector.

Abstract: A telecommunication method based on transmission control protocol (TCP) includes setting an initial value of a congestion window according to a communication situation of a communication network to more efficiently use uncongested bandwidth of the communication network. An IP network access unit in a telecommunication network determines a congestion window value based on a predetermined reference, and transmits the determined congestion window value to the mobile telecommunication terminal. The mobile communication terminal receives the congestion window value, and performs a TCP access for data telecommunication using the initial congestion window value in a slow start algorithm of TCP in a mobile telecommunication environment. The bandwidth of telecommunication network may be more efficiently used by setting an initial value of the congestion window according to the telecommunication situation or available bandwidth.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display (LCD) includes: a first substrate; a second substrate facing the first substrate; an electrode portion formed on at least one of the first substrate and the second substrate, and configured to generate an electric field between the first substrate and the second substrate; and a liquid crystal film positioned between the first substrate and the second substrate, and at least one liquid crystal and an associated liquid crystal space in the liquid crystal film.

Abstract: A chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) method of polishing a phase-change material and a method of fabricating a phase-change memory, the CMP method including forming the phase-change material on an activation surface of a semiconductor wafer, and performing a CMP process on the phase-change material using a polishing pad, wherein the performing the CMP process includes reducing a change in the composition of the phase-change material by adjusting, within a predetermined range, a temperature of a region where the semiconductor wafer and the polishing pad contact each other.

Abstract: A phase changeable memory unit includes a lower electrode, an insulating interlayer structure having an opening, a phase changeable material layer and an upper electrode. The lower electrode is formed on a substrate. The insulating interlayer structure has an opening and is formed on the lower electrode and the substrate. The opening exposes the lower electrode and has a width gradually decreasing downward. The phase changeable material layer fills the opening and partially covers an upper face of the insulating interlayer structure. The upper electrode is formed on the phase changeable material layer.

Abstract: A substrate for a display apparatus includes a plate, a switching element, an insulating layer, and a partition wall. The plate has a reflection region on which a light that is provided from an exterior to the substrate is reflected and a transmission region through which a light generated from a backlight assembly passes. The switching element is on the plate. The insulating layer is on the plate having the switching element. The transmission region of the insulating layer is recessed when compared to the reflection region of the insulating layer. The insulating layer has a contact hole through which a first electrode of the switching element is partially exposed. The partition wall divides the transmission region into a plurality of transmission portions. Advantageously, an image display quality of the display apparatus is improved, and manufacturing cost is decreased.

Abstract: The present invention features a thermal management system for a hybrid electric vehicle. Such a system includes a heater core supplies heat for heating the vehicle's interior by heat exchange between a coolant and air of the vehicle's interior, a coolant line fluidly coupling an engine and heater core so the coolant being circulated by a coolant pump passes there through. A bypass valve is located in the coolant line in proximity to the engine and is selectively opened and closed according to the on/off state of the engine and so that the coolant does not pass through the engine but passes through only the heater core in the engine off state. Such a system includes a heat exchanger fluidly coupled to another heat source so the coolant is heated by the heat exchanger and supplied to the heater core when in the off state.

Abstract: An rear seat table assembly for a vehicle, the rear seat table assembly may include a rear seat table placed in front of a rear seat console, wherein the rear seat table includes an upper table and a lower table which may be selectively foldable around a table hinge portion pivotally connecting the upper table and the lower table, a locking unit arranged in the rear seat console and selectively lock the rear seat table to the rear seat console so as to maintain or release a locking state of the rear seat table, a rotation unit rotatably connecting the rear seat table and the rear seat console for allowing the rear seat table to be fixed after the rear seat table may be rotated upward centering around a rotation axis (axis X) which may be fixed to an upper side of the rear seat console, and a swiveling unit connected between the rotation unit and the rear seat table for allowing the rear seat table to swivel centering around a swiveling axis (axis Z).

Abstract: Disclosed is a printed circuit board assembly PBA on which a connector for electrical connection to an external connection element is mounted. Such an assembly may be formed with a molding method of a PBA which includes applying a polymer resin to the PBA to mold the PBA in order to offer stiffness thereto. The foregoing method of molding the PBA according to the present disclosure is a molding method of a PBA including a PCB and a connector mounted on the PCB to electrically connect the same to an external connection element. The method includes combining the connector with a connector cover, applying a resin to the PBA combined with the connector cover to execute molding of the PBA, and separating the connector cover from the molded PBA to expose the electrode terminal for an external connection element.

Abstract: An electronic switch apparatus for a vehicle, may include a projector module implementing a plurality of switch images, a sensor module detecting locations of respective switch image by recognizing the switch images implemented by the projector module as two-dimensional images, an infrared module emitting infrared rays to areas of the switch images displayed by the projector module, and a control module for, when a specific area of the switch images may be touched, detecting coordinates of the specific area by measuring light reflected from emitted infrared rays of the infrared module, and executing an operation of a switch corresponding to the coordinates.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are printed circuit board assemblies made of a brittle material such as silicon, glass or ceramic and provided with a connector to electrically connect the same to an external connection member, and a method for molding the printed circuit board assembly wherein the printed circuit board assembly is molded by applying a polymer resin thereto to impart hardness to the printed circuit board assembly, and an electrode terminal to connect the same to the external connection member is exposed to the outside. Disclosed herein is also an interconnection structure of an interposer, the interconnection structure electrically connected to a main printed circuit board (PCB) through a solder joint is interposed between the interposer and the solder joint to prevent or reduce concentration of stress on the solder joint caused by differences in coefficients thermal expansion between the interposer and the main PCB.

Abstract: A semiconductor device has a first substrate and first conductive pillars formed over the first substrate. Second conductive pillars are formed over the first substrate alternating with the first conductive pillars. The second conductive pillars are vertically offset with respect to the first conductive pillars. First BOT interconnect sites are formed over a second substrate. Second BOT interconnect sites are formed over the second substrate alternating with the first interconnect sites. The second interconnect sites are vertically offset with respect to the first interconnect sites. The first substrate is mounted to the second substrate such that the first conductive pillars are aligned with and electrically connected to the first interconnect sites and the second conductive pillars are aligned with and electrically connected to the second interconnect sites. An underfill material is deposited between the first and second substrates. The first substrate can be a flipchip type semiconductor device.

Abstract: A storage node, a phase change memory device, and methods of operating and fabricating the same are provided. The storage node may include a lower electrode, a phase change layer on the lower electrode and an upper electrode on the phase change layer, and the lower electrode and the upper electrode may be composed of thermoelectric materials having a melting point higher than that of the phase change layer, and having different conductivity types. An upper surface of the lower electrode may have a recessed shape, and a lower electrode contact layer may be provided between the lower electrode and the phase change layer. A thickness of the phase change layer may be about 100 nm or less, and the lower electrode may be composed of an n-type thermoelectric material, and the upper electrode may be composed of a p-type thermoelectric material, or they may be composed on the contrary to the above.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid is provided. The electrorheological fluid includes polarizing particles and a dispersion medium in which the polarizing particles are dispersed. The polarizing particles may include silica particles. The dispersion medium may include silicon oil. The silicon oil may be modified silicon oil including at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH group), an amine group (—NH2 group), a mercapto group (—SH group), and a carboxy group (—COOH group).

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device, including a first substrate, a thin-film transistor on the first substrate and including a gate electrode, a gate insulating layer, an active layer, and source and drain electrodes, an organic insulating layer on the thin-film transistor, a first electrode layer on the organic insulating layer, the first electrode layer extending between respective portions of the organic insulating layer to contact the source and drain electrode, a black layer on the first electrode layer and the organic insulating layer, a liquid crystal layer on the black layer, a second electrode layer on the liquid crystal layer, and a second substrate on the second electrode layer. The liquid crystal may include a cholesteric liquid crystal layer or a polymer network liquid crystal (PNLC).