Abstract: A hardmask composition, a hardmask layer manufactured from the hardmask composition, and a method of forming patterns from the hardmask composition, the composition including a solvent; and a polymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1,

Abstract: A hardmask composition, a hardmask layer, and a method of forming patterns, the hardmask composition including a polymer including a structural unit represented by Chemical Formula 1; and a solvent,

Abstract: Apparatus usable in controlling, both automatically and manually, a valve stopper movable between first and second positions to control fluid flow through the valve, comprises(a) a power source,(b) a drive coupling the power source to the stopper to move the stopper between such positions,(c) an input for transmitting movement between a manual actuator and the stopper to move the stopper between such positions, and(d) the drive including decoupling mechanism operable in response to the transmission of movement as defined in (c) above to interrupt the coupling of the power source to the stopper.

Abstract: A pool or spa water heater comprises:(a) a housing containing a combustion chamber,(b) gas burner means associated with the housing to produce hot products of combustion rising in said chamber,(c) a heat exchanger associated with said chamber in the path of said products of combustion to transfer heat to water flowing through said exchanger,(d) said exchanger including inner and outer metal tubes for transferring heat from the outer to the inner tubes and then to water flowing in the inner tube or tubes, said tubes having metal to metal contact,(e) whereby condensation of moisture from said products of combustion on exposed surfaces carried by the outer tubes is reduced.