Abstract: Disclosed is a surgical device. The surgical device includes a housing. The surgical device also includes a linear actuator disposed in the housing. The linear actuator includes a central rod. The linear actuator also includes one or more bending modules connected to the central rod. Each of the one or more bending modules includes one or more bending actuators. Each of the one or more bending actuators includes one or more layers of piezoelectric bending elements configured to provide a reciprocating movement to the central rod upon application of a voltage. The surgical device further includes a cutting mechanism coupled to the central rod.

Abstract: Disclosed is a scalable piezoelectric linear actuator. The linear actuator includes a central rod and one or more bending modules connected to the central rod. Each of the one or more bending modules includes one or more bending actuators. Each of the one or more bending actuators includes at least two layers of bending elements. Further, each of the one or more bending actuators incudes a metallic layer disposed between each of the at least two layers of bending elements. Further, each of the one or more bending actuators includes an insulating layer disposed on at least one of the at least two layers of bending elements. Further, each of the one or more bending actuators includes a sensing element disposed on the insulating layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a surgical device. The surgical device includes a housing. The surgical device also includes a linear actuator disposed in the housing. The linear actuator includes a central rod. The linear actuator also includes one or more bending modules connected to the central rod. Each of the one or more bending modules includes one or more bending actuators. Each of the one or more bending actuators includes one or more layers of piezoelectric bending elements configured to provide a reciprocating movement to the central rod upon application of a voltage. The surgical device further includes a cutting mechanism coupled to the central rod.

Abstract: Disclosed is a scalable piezoelectric linear actuator. The linear actuator includes a central rod and one or more bending modules connected to the central rod. Each of the one or more bending modules includes one or more bending actuators. Each of the one or more bending actuators includes at least two layers of bending elements. Further, each of the one or more bending actuators incudes a metallic layer disposed between each of the at least two layers of bending elements. Further, each of the one or more bending actuators includes an insulating layer disposed on at least one of the at least two layers of bending elements. Further, each of the one or more bending actuators includes a sensing element disposed on the insulating layer.

Abstract: Disclosed is a self-sensing bending actuator. The self-sensing bending actuator includes a stack of layers including a first piezoelectric bending element and a second piezoelectric bending element, a metallic layer disposed between the first piezoelectric bending element and the second piezoelectric bending element such that the metallic layer is electrically coupled to the first piezoelectric bending element and the second piezoelectric bending element, an insulating layer disposed on the second piezoelectric bending element, and a sensing element disposed on the insulating layer.