Abstract: One or more novel processes for producing hydrogen, oxygen, and in some cases, distilled and cleaned water from a contaminated effluent, are disclosed. In one example of utilizing this novel process, the water from contaminated effluent is transferred into a draw solution using an entrochemical system through a vapor-mediated membrane-free forward osmosis process. The process is enabled by the generation of a wet vacuum in one or more entrochemical cells incorporated into the entrochemical system. This process generates a diluted draw solution that can be utilized as an abundant water feedstock in an electrolyzer for electrolysis, which in turn generates hydrogen and oxygen. In some embodiments, an entrochemical distiller may also be utilized to distill a portion of the contaminated effluent for clean water as a result of thermal transfers during the vapor-mediated membrane-free forward osmosis process.

Abstract: Provided are degasification devices and methods of degasifying a liquid. Methods of degasifying a liquid can include filling a liquid chamber with a liquid; increasing an internal volume of the liquid chamber to generate a vacuum within the liquid chamber; applying one or more pressure waves to the liquid in the liquid chamber to accelerate the formation of a plurality of gas bubbles which rise to the surface of the liquid and release gas within the plurality of gas bubbles into a space above the liquid in the liquid chamber; and decreasing the internal volume of the liquid chamber to force the gas through a vapor outlet of the liquid chamber, wherein a degassed liquid remains in the liquid chamber.

Abstract: A novel solar chimney-based liquid desiccation system includes a solar collector, an embedded desiccator with a novel structure, and a heated chimney. The solar collector heats up an incoming external airflow with solar radiation, and mobilizes the heated air to pass through the embedded desiccator. The embedded desiccator contains a liquid solution or another content that can undergo a thermal transfer process upon contacting the heated air from the solar collector. Typically, this thermal transfer process involves desiccation of the liquid solution and vaporization of some liquid or other elements. This desiccation process may be utilized to separate liquid from remaining contents, or as a purification process. The embedded desiccator is further connected to the heated chimney with a heated inner surface to minimize undesirable reflux and condensation within the chimney structure. A liquid recovery unit may also be added to the system to collect condensed liquid after desiccation.

Abstract: One or more novel processes for producing hydrogen, oxygen, and in some cases, distilled and cleaned water from a contaminated effluent, are disclosed. In one example of utilizing this novel process, the water from contaminated effluent is transferred into a draw solution using an entrochemical system through a vapor-mediated membrane-free forward osmosis process. The process is enabled by the generation of a wet vacuum in one or more entrochemical cells incorporated into the entrochemical system. This process generates a diluted draw solution that can be utilized as an abundant water feedstock in an electrolyzer for electrolysis, which in turn generates hydrogen and oxygen. In some embodiments, an entrochemical distiller may also be utilized to distill a portion of the contaminated effluent for clean water as a result of thermal transfers during the vapor-mediated membrane-free forward osmosis process.

Abstract: A novel solar chimney-based liquid desiccation system includes a solar collector, an embedded desiccator with a novel structure, and a heated chimney. The solar collector heats up an incoming external airflow with solar radiation, and mobilizes the heated air to pass through the embedded desiccator. The embedded desiccator contains a liquid solution or another content that can undergo a thermal transfer process upon contacting the heated air from the solar collector. Typically, this thermal transfer process involves desiccation of the liquid solution and vaporization of some liquid or other elements. This desiccation process may be utilized to separate liquid from remaining contents, or as a purification process. The embedded desiccator is further connected to the heated chimney with a heated inner surface to minimize undesirable reflux and condensation within the chimney structure. A liquid recovery unit may also be added to the system to collect condensed liquid after desiccation.

Abstract: One or more novel processes for producing hydrogen, oxygen, and in some cases, distilled and cleaned water from a contaminated effluent, are disclosed. In one example of utilizing this novel process, the water from contaminated effluent is transferred into a draw solution using an entrochemical system through a vapor-mediated forward osmosis process. The process is enabled by the generation of a wet vacuum in one or more entrochemical cells incorporated into the entrochemical system. This process generates a diluted draw solution that can be utilized as an abundant water feedstock in an electrolyzer for electrolysis, which in turn generates hydrogen and oxygen. In some embodiments, an entrochemical distiller may also be utilized to distill a portion of the contaminated effluent for clean water as a result of thermal transfers during the vapor-mediated forward osmosis process. mediated forward osmosis process.

Abstract: A novel solar chimney-based liquid desiccation system includes a solar collector, an embedded desiccator, and a heated chimney. The solar collector heats up an incoming airflow from an external environment with solar radiation, and mobilizes the heated air to pass through the embedded desiccator. The embedded desiccator contains a liquid solution or another content that can undergo a thermal transfer process upon contacting the heated air from the solar collector. Typically, this thermal transfer process involves desiccation of the liquid solution and vaporization of some liquid or other elements. This desiccation process may be utilized to separate liquid from remaining contents, or as a purification process. The embedded desiccator is further connected to the heated chimney with a heated inner surface to minimize undesirable reflux and condensation within the chimney structure. A liquid recovery unit may also be added to the system to collect condensed liquid after desiccation.

Abstract: A novel nested heat transfer system comprises a plurality of chained enhanced entrochemical cells with nested structures. Each enhanced entrochemical cell includes a first chamber containing desiccant, or a higher concentration solution, and a second chamber containing refrigerant, or a lower concentration solution. Preferably, the first chamber and the second chamber are connected by a conduit. Furthermore, a smaller chamber in an enhanced entrochemical cell is encapsulated by a larger chamber in an adjacent enhanced entrochemical cell, thus forming a nested structure between the two enhanced entrochemical cells. A chain of enhanced entrochemical cells with a plurality of such nested structures is conveniently modular and scalable. For the novel nested heat transfer system, the total systemic thermal gradient is the sum of individual thermal gradients and capacity of individual enhanced entrochemical cells.

Abstract: An entrochemical energy transfer system and a related process for obtaining work from environmental thermal energy are disclosed. In one example, a plurality of linked entrochemical cells with nested chambers provides an aggregate thermal gradient of each entrochemical cell by transferring environmental thermal energy in and/or out of the plurality of linked entrochemical cells. The aggregate thermal gradient generated from the plurality of linked entrochemical cells can be utilized as an environmentally-friendly energy source for human needs. The entrochemical energy transfer system and the related process for obtaining work from environmental thermal energy utilize a set of entropy transfers from Earth's day and night thermal energy inflows and outflows. Furthermore, in one example, the process for obtaining work from environmental thermal energy involves two steps, each step resulting in entropic increases and transfers.

Abstract: A novel nested heat transfer system comprises a plurality of chained enhanced entrochemical cells with nested structures. Each enhanced entrochemical cell includes a first chamber containing desiccant, or a higher concentration solution, and a second chamber containing refrigerant, or a lower concentration solution. Preferably, the first chamber and the second chamber are connected by a conduit. Furthermore, a smaller chamber in an enhanced entrochemical cell is encapsulated by a larger chamber in an adjacent enhanced entrochemical cell, thus forming a nested structure between the two enhanced entrochemical cells. A chain of enhanced entrochemical cells with a plurality of such nested structures is conveniently modular and scalable. For the novel nested heat transfer system, the total systemic thermal gradient is the sum of individual thermal gradients and capacity of individual enhanced entrochemical cells.

Abstract: An entrochemical energy transfer system and a related process for obtaining work from environmental thermal energy are disclosed. In one embodiment, a plurality of linked entrochemical cells with nested chambers provides an aggregate thermal gradient of each entrochemical cell by transferring environmental thermal energy in and/or out of the plurality of linked entrochemical cells. The aggregate thermal gradient generated from the plurality of linked entrochemical cells can be utilized as an environmentally-friendly energy source for human needs. The entrochemical energy transfer system and the related process for obtaining work from environmental thermal energy utilize a set of entropy transfers from Earth's day and night thermal energy inflows and outflows. Furthermore, in a preferred embodiment, the process for obtaining work from environmental thermal energy involves two steps, each step resulting in entropic increases and transfers.

Abstract: A novel wind turbine configuration utilizes a permanent magnetic male and female levitation support for magnetic levitation. The novel wind turbine has a female part attached to a payload which is magnetically levitated above a male part of the levitation support. The female part and the payload are further operatively attached to a vertical axle structure which is held stationary by a point of contact. The point of contact and the vertical axle structure provide a stable axis of rotation for the payload and the female part, which can be rotated with near-zero friction due to the magnetic repulsion provided by same polarity of the female part and the male part within a conical region of the female part. In one embodiment of the invention, an alternator structure is uniquely arranged to enable the novel wind turbine to generate electricity with a high level of efficiency and durability.

Abstract: A levitating mount apparatus is provided which utilizes a permanent magnetic male and female levitation support as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,922. The mount has two general forms. In one general class, the mount is attached to an axle aligned with the axis of symmetry of the female part of the permanent magnetic male and female levitation support. In the second class, the female part of the permanent magnetic male and female levitations support is attached to the bottom of the mount, and no axle is utilized. The mount is stabilized using a stationary support structure which has limited contact with the levitating portion of the apparatus at the top of the mount.

Abstract: A novel pump design for energy and volatile substances exhibits a high level of reliability and durability with minimal amount of wear on parts constituting the novel pump design. In one embodiment of the invention, a volatile substance is transformed from a solid state or a liquid state to a gaseous (i.e. vaporized) state using a thermal transfer method at a vaporizer, and transformed back to the solid state or the liquid state at a condenser after traveling through an energy conduit (e.g. a continuous cavity). Physical properties of matter such as pressure differences, diffusion, forward, and reverse thermal transfer methods are utilized for operation of a pump according to an embodiment of the invention. A heating mechanism which maintains the interior of the energy conduit above a threshold temperature of the volatile substance can be utilized for a greater pump efficiency.

Abstract: A pump is provided which pumps energy via molecular carriers; the side effect of this method of energy transmittance is the concomitant movement of material. The method of energy and material movement follows three steps. In step one, energy is absorbed by the molecular carrier, transforming the carrier from a liquid or solid state into a gaseous state. The second step is the conveyance of the energized molecular carriers through an energy conduit, through which the molecular carriers may pass without losing energy, despite a potentially very long distance. The third step involves deposition of the energy at the final destination via a transfer which extracts the energy from the material, concomitantly transforming the material from a gaseous state to a liquid or solid state.

Abstract: A wind turbine is provided which is mounted on a permanent magnetic male and female levitation support as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,501,922. The wind turbine has a main axle which is levitated relative to a permanent magnet assembly and has one or more stationary points of contact with a static rigid frame. The wind turbine may be utilized to generate power using a generator or alternator. In one instantiation, one part of the alternator is mounted on the main axle, while the other is on the rigid frame.

Abstract: A novel wind turbine configuration utilizes a permanent magnetic male and female levitation support for magnetic levitation. The novel wind turbine has a female part attached to a payload which is magnetically levitated above a male part of the levitation support. The female part and the payload are further operatively attached to a vertical axle structure which is held stationary by a point of contact. The point of contact and the vertical axle structure provide a stable axis of rotation for the payload and the female part, which can be rotated with near-zero friction due to the magnetic repulsion provided by same polarity of the female part and the male part within a conical region of the female part. In one embodiment of the invention, an alternator structure is uniquely arranged to enable the novel wind turbine to generate electricity with a high level of efficiency and durability.

Abstract: A permanent magnetic male and female levitation support has a first part with a cavity and a plurality of retainment mechanisms incorporated therein, and a plurality of first permanent magnets evenly distributed around the perimeter of the cavity and held in place by the retainment mechanisms, wherein the first permanent magnets produce a first rotationally invariant magnetic field around a first axis. A second part is rigidly connected to a base and produces a second rotationally invariant magnetic field around a second axis. When the first axis is aligned with the second axis, the first magnetic field and the second magnetic field simultaneously produce a repulsive force and a restorative force to levitate the first part relative to the second part.

Abstract: A permanent magnetic male and female levitation support has a first part with a cavity and a plurality of retainment mechanisms incorporated therein, and a plurality of first permanent magnets evenly distributed around the perimeter of the cavity and held in place by the retainment mechanisms, wherein the first permanent magnets produce a first rotationally invariant magnetic field around a first axis. A second part is rigidly connected to a base and produces a second rotationally invariant magnetic field around a second axis. When the first axis is aligned with the second axis, the first magnetic field and the second magnetic field simultaneously produce a repulsive force and a restorative force to levitate the first part relative to the second part.