Abstract: In accordance with a method for individually addressing qubits in a set of qubits, a plurality of qubits is provided that each have two internal states representing a unit of quantum information. A transition between the two internal states of each qubit is caused by a two-photon Raman transition. Each of N ones of the qubits in the plurality of qubits are individually addressed using one of N pairs of laser beams, respectively, N being an integer greater than or equal to two. The laser beams in each of the N pairs have a frequency difference equal to a qubit transition frequency that represents a difference in frequency between the two internal states of the qubits. The laser beams in each pair of laser beams operate at different frequencies than the laser beams in every other pair of laser beams.

Abstract: An ion gun includes a confinement vessel defining a chamber therein; a plasma source configured to provide ions in the chamber; and at least one acceleration and focusing electrode disposed within the chamber and positioned to receive ions from the plasma source, and to accelerate and focus the ions received to be delivered to an underlying surface. The at least one acceleration and focusing electrode is structured to provide an aperture therethrough to provide optical access to a high numerical aperture optical device.