Abstract: An antenna arrangement has radiation modes for antennas distributed across a geometrical shape, which is a bounded volume in three dimensions or a conformal surface of the bounded volume. A signal network couples between an electrical signal and the antennas with a taper along a selected dimension selected from the three dimensions of the bounded volume. The taper is specified by a selected dimension and a selected mode, which is selected from the radiation modes. Basis polynomials are indexed over the radiation modes and a specified basis polynomial is indexed at the selected mode. The specified basis polynomial gives the taper of an amplitude of the electrical signal at each of the antennas. An operating method determines a respective array factor for each distinct combination of one of the three dimensions and one of the radiation modes, and then selects the distinct combination with a desired array factor.

Abstract: A method to create an electromagnetic Doppler surface comprising the steps of using an array of conductive elements, wherein the conductive elements mechanically move in individual orbits, and wherein the conductive elements are configured to combine and form a Doppler surface; using mechanical, phase-induced motion as a mechanism by which to move the conductive elements in individual orbits; creating a surface with a controllable Doppler return using two-dimensional motion.