Abstract: Embodiments herein relate to novel compositions and methods for treating viral infections and viral infection-related conditions. In some embodiments, compositions include, but are not limited to, at least one pro-inflammatory cytokine. In accordance with these embodiments, a proinflammatory cytokine can include Granulocyte Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) alone or in combination with other agents administered separately or together. In some embodiments, compositions including GM-CSF can be administered to a subject exposed to, suspected of having been exposed to, or having a viral infection. In other embodiments, the compositions treat, ameliorate or prevent a complication related to viral infection including, but not limited to, a central nervous system infection or condition and a lung infection or condition.