Abstract: In an example embodiment, an analog-digital converter includes digital-analog converter, a comparator, and a register. The digital-analog converter is configured to output a differential voltage between a reference voltage and a voltage of an analog signal. The comparator is configured to output a comparison signal corresponding to the differential voltage output by the digital-analog converter.

Abstract: In an example embodiment, an analog-digital converter includes digital-analog converter, a comparator, and a register. The digital-analog converter is configured to output a differential voltage between a reference voltage and a voltage of an analog signal. The comparator is configured to output a comparison signal corresponding to the differential voltage output by the digital-analog converter.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital conversion device includes: an analog-to-digital converter that receives an analog voltage and converts the analog voltage into a digital value to output the converted digital value; and an offset correction unit that arithmetically operates an offset correction value based on a first digital value and a second digital value, the first digital value being to be output from the analog-to-digital converter by the analog-to-digital converter receiving a first analog voltage, the second digital value being to be output from the analog-to-digital converter by the analog-to-digital converter receiving a second analog voltage, the second analog voltage having a voltage value different from that of the first analog voltage, in which after the arithmetic operation of the offset correction value, the analog-to-digital converter outputs a digital value obtained by subtracting the offset correction value from the converted digital value.

Abstract: An analog-to-digital conversion device includes: an analog-to-digital converter that receives an analog voltage and converts the analog voltage into a digital value to output the converted digital value; and an offset correction unit that arithmetically operates an offset correction value based on a first digital value and a second digital value, the first digital value being to be output from the analog-to-digital converter by the analog-to-digital converter receiving a first analog voltage, the second digital value being to be output from the analog-to-digital converter by the analog-to-digital converter receiving a second analog voltage, the second analog voltage having a voltage value different from that of the first analog voltage, in which after the arithmetic operation of the offset correction value, the analog-to-digital converter outputs a digital value obtained by subtracting the offset correction value from the converted digital value.

Abstract: A first layer (2) and a second layer (3) are formed on a substrate (1). The first layer is made of a resist against a groove-sculpturing etchant used in etching the substrate while the second layer is made of an anti-corrosive material against dry etching. The second layer is at first patterned into a patterned second layer (3a) in the form of a groove-sculpturing mask pattern (8). With the patterned second layer used as a mask, the first layer is etched and patterned into a patterned first layer (2a) in the form of the above-mentioned mask pattern. With the patterned first layer used as a mask, the substrate is etched to form a groove (9).

Abstract: A first layer (2) and a second layer (3) are formed on a substrate (1). The first layer is made of a resist against a groove-sculpturing etchant used in etching the substrate while the second layer is made of an anti-corrosive material against dry etching. The second layer is at first patterned into a patterned second layer (3a) in the form of a groove-sculpturing mask pattern (8). With the patterned second layer used as a mask, the first layer is etched and patterned into a patterned first layer (2a) in the form of the above-mentioned mask pattern. With the patterned first layer used as a mask, the substrate is etched to form a groove (9).

Abstract: A first layer (2) and a second layer (3) are formed on a substrate (1). The first layer is made of a resist against a groove-sculpturing etchant used in etching the substrate while the second layer is made of an anti-corrosive material against dry etching. The second layer is at first patterned into a patterned second layer (3a) in the form of a groove-sculpturing mask pattern (8). With the patterned second layer used as a mask, the first layer is etched and patterned into a patterned first layer (2a) in the form of the above-mentioned mask pattern. With the patterned first layer used as a mask, the substrate is etched to form a groove (9).

Abstract: In a detection circuit, a voltage-conversion circuit is supplied with a first voltage signal indicative of the state of an object circuit and produces an output current in response thereto, a detection circuit is supplied with a second voltage signal and detects the state of the object circuit in response thereto, and a clamping circuit, having an input terminal, is supplied at the input terminal thereof with the output current of the voltage-current conversion circuit and clamps the voltage at the input terminal thereof, and thus the output voltage of the voltage-current conversion circuit, at a predetermined level. The clamping circuit further produces the second voltage signal, which is supplied to the detection circuit, in response to the output current of the voltage-current conversion circuit and such that the second voltage signal has a magnitude proportional to the first voltage signal.