Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member having excellent deformation recovery even when stored or used under a high temperature and high humidity environment, which is useful in forming a high-quality electrophotographic image; a process cartridge; and an electrophotographic apparatus. The electrophotographic member of the present invention includes a conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer; the electro-conductive layer including a resin synthesized from an ion conducting agent and a compound being able to react with the ion conducting agent; the ion conducting agent including a specific anion and a cation having at least three hydroxyl groups; the compound being able to react with the hydroxyl group.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography in which movement of a quaternary ammonium salt toward the surface of a binder resin is suppressed and which exhibits a less reduction in electroconductivity through electrification. The electroconductive member for electrophotography comprises an electroconductive shaft core and a resin layer, and the resin layer comprises a binder resin and at least one selected from quaternary ammonium salts having structures represented by the formulae (1) to (8).

Abstract: Provided is a member for electrophotography that is not reduced in charge-providing performance even by its long-term storage and use under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and is hence conducive to the formation of a high-quality electrophotographic image. The member for electrophotography includes: an electroconductive substrate; and an electroconductive layer, in which: the electroconductive layer contains a resin having a cationic organic group in a molecule thereof and an anion; a total sum of contents of an alkali metal and an alkali earth metal in the electroconductive layer is 500 ppm or less; and the anion includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluorosulfonate anion, a fluorocarboxylate anion, a fluorosulfonylimide anion, a fluorosulfonylmethide anion, a fluoroalkylfluoroborate anion, a fluorophosphate anion, a fluoroantimonate anion, and a fluoroarsenate anion.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member that has a high excessive charging-suppressing effect under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, and has high charge-providing performance under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic member. The electrophotographic member is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive substrate and an electro-conductive resin layer, the electro-conductive resin layer contains a cation and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of anions represented by the following formulae (1) to (5): where X represents an arbitrary halogen atom, n in the structural formula (4) represents an integer of from 2 to 6, and n in the structural formula (5) represents an integer of 2 or 3.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member capable of forming a high-quality electrophotographic image. The electrophotographic member includes an electroconductive substrate and an electroconductive resin layer on the electroconductive substrate, in which the electroconductive resin layer contains a resin having, in the molecule, a specific cation structure, and a specific anion.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic electro-conductive member containing an ion-exchange group structure in an electro-conductive layer, whereby the bleeding of an ionic conductive agent to the surface of the electro-conductive layer is suppressed and reduction in electro-conductivity caused by electrification is low. For this purpose, the electrophotographic member of the present invention is an electrophotographic member having an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer contains a resin having any one or more of partial structures represented by the specific formulas (1) to (7) in the molecule, and an anion.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic member that has a high excessive charging-suppressing effect under a low-temperature and low-humidity environment, and has high charge-providing performance under a high-temperature and high-humidity environment, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic member. The electrophotographic member is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive substrate and an electro-conductive resin layer, the electro-conductive resin layer contains a cation and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of anions represented by the following formulae (1) to (5): where X represents an arbitrary halogen atom, n in the structural formula (4) represents an integer of from 2 to 6, and n in the structural formula (5) represents an integer of 2 or 3.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography capable of charging an electrically chargeable body stably over a long period of time. The electroconductive member includes an electroconductive support and a surface layer on the electroconductive support. The surface layer has a skeleton that is three-dimensionally continuous and a pore that communicates in a thickness direction, and when any region measuring 150 ?m per side of a surface of the surface layer is photographed and equally divided into 60 parts in a vertical direction and 60 parts in a horizontal direction to form 3,600 squares, the number of squares including through holes is 100 or less. The skeleton is non-electroconductive and includes a plurality of particles connected to each other through a neck, and an average value D1 of circle-equivalent diameters of the particles is 0.1 ?m or more and 20 ?m or less.

Abstract: An amine compound and an ionic conductive agent excellent in electroconductivity are provided. By using the amine compound, an electroconductive resin composition suppressed in bleeding and excellent in electroconductivity is provided. The amine compound and the ionic conductive agent have a structure represented by the following general formula (1).

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography having a stable charging ability. The electroconductive member includes, in this order, an electroconductive substrate, an electroconductive elastic layer, and a surface layer. The surface layer contains a polymer having a urethane linkage. The polymer has, in the molecule, structures included in at least two groups selected from: Group A of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (1); Group B of at least one of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (2) or structures each represented by a structural formula (3); and Group C of structures each represented by a specific structural formula (4). The surface layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×1010 ?·cm or more and 1.0×1016 ?·cm or less, and the surface layer has a universal hardness at a depth 1 ?m from the surface thereof of 1.0 N/mm2 or more and 7.0 N/mm2 or less.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography capable of charging an electrically chargeable body stably over a long period of time. The electroconductive member includes an electroconductive support and a surface layer on the electroconductive support. The surface layer has a skeleton that is three-dimensionally continuous and a pore that communicates in a thickness direction, and when any region measuring 150 ?m per side of a surface of the surface layer is photographed and equally divided into 60 parts in a vertical direction and 60 parts in a horizontal direction to form 3,600 squares, the number of squares including through holes is 100 or less. The skeleton is non-electroconductive and includes a plurality of particles connected to each other through a neck, and an average value D1 of circle-equivalent diameters of the particles is 0.1 ?m or more and 20 ?m or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides an electrophotographic member in which an increase in resistance is small even in use at low temperature and which contributes to the formation of a high quality electrophotographic image, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using this electrophotographic member as a charging member or a developer carrying member. Therefore, the electrophotographic member of the present invention is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer includes a urethane resin and an ion-conductive agent, the urethane resin has, between two adjacent urethane bonds, a structure represented by formula (1) and at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by formula (2) and a structure represented by formula (3), and the ion-conductive agent contains a particular anion.

Abstract: An electrophotographic charging member in which the adhesion of contamination is more suppressed is provided. The electrophotographic charging member includes an electro-conductive support and an electro-conductive elastic layer on the electro-conductive support, the electro-conductive elastic layer includes 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less of an aggregate of crosslinked rubber particles, the aggregate of the crosslinked rubber particles has a circle-equivalent diameter of 10 ?m or more and 50 ?m or less, the crosslinked rubber particles have one of an acrylic resin and a styrene acrylic resin chemically bonded to a surface thereof, the charging member has a protrusion derived from the aggregate of the crosslinked rubber particles on a surface thereof, and the protrusion has an average height of 50 nm or more and 200 nm or less.

Abstract: Provided is an electroconductive member for electrophotography in which movement of a quaternary ammonium salt toward the surface of a binder resin is suppressed and which exhibits a less reduction in electroconductivity through electrification. The electroconductive member for electrophotography comprises an electroconductive shaft core and a resin layer, and the resin layer comprises a binder resin and at least one selected from quaternary ammonium salts having structures represented by the formulae (1) to (8).

Abstract: An electrophotographic member having a high conductivity and having high adhesiveness to other layer, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic member as a developer carrying member are provided. The electrophotographic member is an electrophotographic member including an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer has a resin having a structure represented by the following structural formula (1), and an anion.

Abstract: The electroconductive member has an electroconductive support and a surface layer formed on the electroconductive support, wherein the surface layer has a porous body having a continuous open pore, and the electroconductive member satisfies the following (1) and (2): (1) in a specific condition, a surface potential of the electroconductive member, after an elapse of 10 seconds since a completion of a discharge is 10 V or more; and (2) when applying a direct voltage between a polyethylene terephthalate film as a member to be charged and the electroconductive member, and charging the polyethylene terephthalate film, |Vd|?|Vin|?|Vth| is satisfied within a range of |Vin|>|Vth|, wherein, Vd represents a charge potential of the polyethylene terephthalate film, Vin represents a voltage applied between the electroconductive member and the polyethylene terephthalate film, Vth represents a discharge starting voltage.

Abstract: The present invention provides a highly electro-conductive electrophotographic member which contributes to formation of high-quality electrophotographic images while bleeding out of an ion conducting agent is reduced, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus. Accordingly, the electrophotographic member according to the present invention includes an electro-conductive mandrel and an electro-conductive layer, wherein the electro-conductive layer contains a resin synthesized from a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation and a compound being able to react with the nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation, and an anion; the nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation has two substituents bonded to hydroxyl groups; and the substituent bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to a nitrogen atom of a nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle of the nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic cation.

Abstract: An electrophotographic apparatus includes a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member, a charging roller that is disposed in contact with the electrophotographic photosensitive member and applies a direct current voltage to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a driving force transmission that transmits a driving force which causes rotation so that contact portions of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the charging roller move in the same direction and the peripheral speed of the charging roller is higher than the peripheral speed of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains metal oxide and the undercoat layer has a volume resistivity of 1×107 ?·cm or more and 1×1014 ?·cm or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic charging member in which the adhesion of contamination is more suppressed is provided. The electrophotographic charging member includes an electro-conductive support and an electro-conductive elastic layer on the electro-conductive support, the electro-conductive elastic layer includes 10% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less of an aggregate of crosslinked rubber particles, the aggregate of the crosslinked rubber particles has a circle-equivalent diameter of 10 ?m or more and 50 ?m or less, the crosslinked rubber particles have one of an acrylic resin and a styrene acrylic resin chemically bonded to a surface thereof, the charging member has a protrusion derived from the aggregate of the crosslinked rubber particles on a surface thereof, and the protrusion has an average height of 50 nm or more and 200 nm or less.

Abstract: An electrophotographic member is provided in which conductivity barely reduces and sufficient conductivity is obtained even under a low temperature and low humidity environment, a reduction in resistance beyond necessity is readily suppressed even under a high temperature and high humidity environment, and the bleeding of the quaternary ammonium salt can be suppressed.